Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does twin studies suggest about the influence of genetic variation on personality traits?
What does twin studies suggest about the influence of genetic variation on personality traits?
- Genetic variation has a moderate influence on personality traits
- Genetic variation has no influence on personality traits
- Genetic variation influences only a specific set of personality traits
- Genetic variation strongly influences variability in personality traits (correct)
Why does the shared environment between twins or other siblings raised together seem to have rather small effects on personality traits?
Why does the shared environment between twins or other siblings raised together seem to have rather small effects on personality traits?
- Parents in the same culture tend to have similar personalities
- There is relatively little variability within a culture in the way parents raise their children (correct)
- The shared environment has a strong influence on personality traits
- The genetic makeup of twins nullifies the effects of the shared environment
How do cross-cultural studies contribute to understanding environmental influences on human behavior?
How do cross-cultural studies contribute to understanding environmental influences on human behavior?
- They reveal no significant differences in environmental influences between cultures
- They reveal environmental influences that are shared by people of the same culture, but are different between people from different cultures (correct)
- They reveal only genetic influences on human behavior
- They reveal genetic influences that are shared by people of the same culture, but are different between people from different cultures
Why might there be a weak effect of the shared environment on personality traits?
Why might there be a weak effect of the shared environment on personality traits?
What can large environmental differences between nations help with?
What can large environmental differences between nations help with?
Why might parenting not produce variation in personality traits even if it influences personality?
Why might parenting not produce variation in personality traits even if it influences personality?
What do some cultures with negative attitudes towards strangers do to influence shyness?
What do some cultures with negative attitudes towards strangers do to influence shyness?
What do cross-cultural studies reveal about environmental influences?
What do cross-cultural studies reveal about environmental influences?
What is one explanation for why there is a weak effect of the shared environment between twins or other siblings raised together?
What is one explanation for why there is a weak effect of the shared environment between twins or other siblings raised together?
How do large environmental differences between nations contribute to understanding human behavior?
How do large environmental differences between nations contribute to understanding human behavior?
What did Bond and Smith (1996) find in their study?
What did Bond and Smith (1996) find in their study?
What did the replication study in Japan by Takano & Sogon (2008) find?
What did the replication study in Japan by Takano & Sogon (2008) find?
Why did the text mention that conformity rates in the Asch paradigm are fairly low?
Why did the text mention that conformity rates in the Asch paradigm are fairly low?
What was one problem identified with the Asch paradigm according to the text?
What was one problem identified with the Asch paradigm according to the text?
What were participants from individualistic cultures expected to do in the Asch experiment?
What were participants from individualistic cultures expected to do in the Asch experiment?
What were participants from collectivistic cultures expected to do in the Asch experiment?
What were participants from collectivistic cultures expected to do in the Asch experiment?
Why did Bond and Smith (1996) find a correlation between individualism and conformity?
Why did Bond and Smith (1996) find a correlation between individualism and conformity?
What was a limitation of Bond and Smith's (1996) study?
What was a limitation of Bond and Smith's (1996) study?
What is one reason mentioned for the mixed evidence regarding cultural influence on conformity?
What is one reason mentioned for the mixed evidence regarding cultural influence on conformity?
Why might more ambiguous situations produce different results in conformity studies?
Why might more ambiguous situations produce different results in conformity studies?
What did Hofstede's nomothetic studies of cultures published in the 1980s distinguish?
What did Hofstede's nomothetic studies of cultures published in the 1980s distinguish?
What do most cross-cultural psychology studies rely on to distinguish populations?
What do most cross-cultural psychology studies rely on to distinguish populations?
How are cultural differences studied using a variable-centered approach?
How are cultural differences studied using a variable-centered approach?
What did the first nomothetic studies of cultures published in the 1980s by Hofstede focus on?
What did the first nomothetic studies of cultures published in the 1980s by Hofstede focus on?
What do individualistic cultures tend to be according to the text?
What do individualistic cultures tend to be according to the text?
What is culture defined in terms of?
What is culture defined in terms of?
What do cross-cultural psychology studies benefit from?
What do cross-cultural psychology studies benefit from?
How are cultural differences studied using a culture-centered approach?
How are cultural differences studied using a culture-centered approach?
What do most cross-cultural psychology studies rely on to distinguish populations?
What do most cross-cultural psychology studies rely on to distinguish populations?
What did Hofstede's nomothetic studies of cultures focus on?
What did Hofstede's nomothetic studies of cultures focus on?
What is one of the problems encountered in examining cultural differences in personality traits using Big Five questionnaires?
What is one of the problems encountered in examining cultural differences in personality traits using Big Five questionnaires?
Why can the use of adjectives like 'sociable' be problematic in examining cultural differences in personality traits?
Why can the use of adjectives like 'sociable' be problematic in examining cultural differences in personality traits?
What is one reason provided for the lack of absolute comparison standard for personality traits across cultures?
What is one reason provided for the lack of absolute comparison standard for personality traits across cultures?
What did 84% of US Americans and 78% of Hong Kong Chinese choose in a scenario related to bill payment?
What did 84% of US Americans and 78% of Hong Kong Chinese choose in a scenario related to bill payment?
Why might the item 'I enjoy loud parties' be problematic in assessing personality traits across cultures?
Why might the item 'I enjoy loud parties' be problematic in assessing personality traits across cultures?
Why do cultures having their own subjective norms or reference points for traits pose a challenge in cross-cultural comparisons?
Why do cultures having their own subjective norms or reference points for traits pose a challenge in cross-cultural comparisons?
What is an advantage of studies that measure actual behaviors in controlled laboratory situations or hypothetical scenarios?
What is an advantage of studies that measure actual behaviors in controlled laboratory situations or hypothetical scenarios?
Why is it challenging to use the item 'I enjoy loud parties' as a universal indicator of personality traits?
Why is it challenging to use the item 'I enjoy loud parties' as a universal indicator of personality traits?
What does the comparison between a cold day in Canada and a cold day in Rio de Janeiro illustrate about cultural differences?
What does the comparison between a cold day in Canada and a cold day in Rio de Janeiro illustrate about cultural differences?
How do cultural differences impact the validity of items like 'I enjoy loud parties' when assessing personality traits?
How do cultural differences impact the validity of items like 'I enjoy loud parties' when assessing personality traits?
What do individuals in individualistic cultures have stronger relationships with, possibly due to more leisure time?
What do individuals in individualistic cultures have stronger relationships with, possibly due to more leisure time?
What are individuals in individualistic cultures associated with, as indicated by wealth and household size?
What are individuals in individualistic cultures associated with, as indicated by wealth and household size?
What do 70% of US Americans prefer for the last question?
What do 70% of US Americans prefer for the last question?
What did 94% of HK Chinese participants select in the second question?
What did 94% of HK Chinese participants select in the second question?
What did recent protests in Hong Kong indicate about the importance of values to the people in the region?
What did recent protests in Hong Kong indicate about the importance of values to the people in the region?
What did comprehensive projects comparing 56 and 55 nations report national differences along?
What did comprehensive projects comparing 56 and 55 nations report national differences along?
What did convergent validity across the 36 overlapping nations for the Big Five traits indicate?
What did convergent validity across the 36 overlapping nations for the Big Five traits indicate?
What do individuals in individualistic cultures have stronger relationships with, possibly due to more leisure time?
What do individuals in individualistic cultures have stronger relationships with, possibly due to more leisure time?
What are individuals in individualistic cultures associated with, as indicated by wealth and household size?
What are individuals in individualistic cultures associated with, as indicated by wealth and household size?
What did 83% of HK Chinese participants choose for the last question?
What did 83% of HK Chinese participants choose for the last question?
What stereotype does the weak positive relationship with self-efficacy align with?
What stereotype does the weak positive relationship with self-efficacy align with?
What is the relationship between conscientiousness facets and individualism?
What is the relationship between conscientiousness facets and individualism?
Why is individualism considered a better predictor of specific facets rather than the Big Five traits?
Why is individualism considered a better predictor of specific facets rather than the Big Five traits?
What percentage of the variance in personality traits varies between nations according to studies?
What percentage of the variance in personality traits varies between nations according to studies?
'Cultural background has low cue validity' implies that:
'Cultural background has low cue validity' implies that:
Why might the influence of culture on personality be underestimated?
Why might the influence of culture on personality be underestimated?
What practical implications do the results of cross-cultural studies of personality have?
What practical implications do the results of cross-cultural studies of personality have?
Why do cross-cultural studies report how much of the variance in personality scores varies between nations versus within nations?
Why do cross-cultural studies report how much of the variance in personality scores varies between nations versus within nations?
What does the statement 'People from the same culture do not have the same personality traits' imply?
What does the statement 'People from the same culture do not have the same personality traits' imply?
What is the term used to describe the hypothesis that culture influences personality because individuals learn to act in culturally desirable ways?
What is the term used to describe the hypothesis that culture influences personality because individuals learn to act in culturally desirable ways?
What is the selection hypothesis based on?
What is the selection hypothesis based on?
What does the text suggest as a potential influence for extraversion in modern Western cultures?
What does the text suggest as a potential influence for extraversion in modern Western cultures?
What does the text propose as a third possibility for the relationship between culture and personality traits?
What does the text propose as a third possibility for the relationship between culture and personality traits?
What does the large increase in global migration provide an opportunity to test?
What does the large increase in global migration provide an opportunity to test?
What does the selection hypothesis assume about immigrants according to the text?
What does the selection hypothesis assume about immigrants according to the text?
What is suggested as a potential reason for why culture influences personality according to the text?
What is suggested as a potential reason for why culture influences personality according to the text?
What is one possible way culture might influence extraversion according to the text?
What is one possible way culture might influence extraversion according to the text?
What is proposed as a potential influence for individualism according to the text?
What is proposed as a potential influence for individualism according to the text?
What does the selection hypothesis suggest about cultural environments?
What does the selection hypothesis suggest about cultural environments?
What is one reason provided for why national differences in personality could occur according to the text?
What is one reason provided for why national differences in personality could occur according to the text?
What does the text propose as a potential influence for individualism according to the acculturation hypothesis?
What does the text propose as a potential influence for individualism according to the acculturation hypothesis?
What do longitudinal studies on the influence of migration on personality and behavior face?
What do longitudinal studies on the influence of migration on personality and behavior face?
What do most acculturation studies rely on to measure exposure to a new culture?
What do most acculturation studies rely on to measure exposure to a new culture?
What did a study on acculturation from Chinese to Canadian culture find differences in?
What did a study on acculturation from Chinese to Canadian culture find differences in?
What did a comparative study on four groups of Canadians find decreases in with increasing acculturation?
What did a comparative study on four groups of Canadians find decreases in with increasing acculturation?
What do genetic differences between populations not mean for personality traits?
What do genetic differences between populations not mean for personality traits?
What do studies suggest about North Americans' self-ratings compared to reality?
What do studies suggest about North Americans' self-ratings compared to reality?
What does systematic differences in rating biases between cultures make difficult?
What does systematic differences in rating biases between cultures make difficult?
What did a study at the University of British Columbia find about classroom participation among East Asian students?
What did a study at the University of British Columbia find about classroom participation among East Asian students?
What is mentioned as an alternative explanation for lower participation among East Asian students?
What is mentioned as an alternative explanation for lower participation among East Asian students?
What do acculturation studies indicate about cultural differences with increasing acculturation?
What do acculturation studies indicate about cultural differences with increasing acculturation?
What is mentioned as a challenge in studying the influence of migration on personality and behavior?
What is mentioned as a challenge in studying the influence of migration on personality and behavior?
What was a disadvantage of using Internet surveys for studying cultural differences in empathy and perspective taking?
What was a disadvantage of using Internet surveys for studying cultural differences in empathy and perspective taking?
What correlation did the original article report between empathy and individualism?
What correlation did the original article report between empathy and individualism?
What did the replicating study find as a notable correlation for the trust facet?
What did the replicating study find as a notable correlation for the trust facet?
What did the replicating study find as a correlation with household size?
What did the replicating study find as a correlation with household size?
What did the replicating study not replicate regarding wealth as a measure of individualism?
What did the replicating study not replicate regarding wealth as a measure of individualism?
What was the advantage of using Internet surveys for studying cultural differences in empathy and perspective taking?
What was the advantage of using Internet surveys for studying cultural differences in empathy and perspective taking?
What was the only notable correlation observed in the replicating study for the Big Five measure?
What was the only notable correlation observed in the replicating study for the Big Five measure?
What did the original article report as moderate correlations with agreeableness?
What did the original article report as moderate correlations with agreeableness?
What was observed for the trust facet in the replicating study?
What was observed for the trust facet in the replicating study?
What is proposed as a better predictor of homicide rates than individualism-collectivism?
What is proposed as a better predictor of homicide rates than individualism-collectivism?
What did the study find as a stronger predictor of cultural variation in homicide rates than income inequality?
What did the study find as a stronger predictor of cultural variation in homicide rates than income inequality?
What was observed as the only notable correlation with the trust facet of the Big Five measure?
What was observed as the only notable correlation with the trust facet of the Big Five measure?
What did the original article report as a negative correlation with empathy?
What did the original article report as a negative correlation with empathy?
What is suggested as a possible explanation for higher empathy in countries with larger households?
What is suggested as a possible explanation for higher empathy in countries with larger households?
What was found to be a poor predictor of national differences in homicide rates?
What was found to be a poor predictor of national differences in homicide rates?
What is mentioned as a potential influence for higher homicide rates in former slave-states in the United States?
What is mentioned as a potential influence for higher homicide rates in former slave-states in the United States?
What is suggested as a way to disentangle various factors influencing cultural variation in aggression and homicides?
What is suggested as a way to disentangle various factors influencing cultural variation in aggression and homicides?
What did the study find as a better predictor of cultural variation in homicide rates than climate?
What did the study find as a better predictor of cultural variation in homicide rates than climate?
What advantage do historic studies have over cross-cultural studies in studying personality change?
What advantage do historic studies have over cross-cultural studies in studying personality change?
Why do historic studies rule out genetic explanations for changes in personality over time?
Why do historic studies rule out genetic explanations for changes in personality over time?
Why is there a lack of good data to study personality change in the 1960s?
Why is there a lack of good data to study personality change in the 1960s?
What did historic studies examine with regards to personality change before the 1980s?
What did historic studies examine with regards to personality change before the 1980s?
What was the consistent age group of participants in historic studies examining personality change?
What was the consistent age group of participants in historic studies examining personality change?
Why can historic studies be seen as advantageous for studying cultural influences on personality?
Why can historic studies be seen as advantageous for studying cultural influences on personality?
Why is it mentioned that genetic explanations for changes over time can be ruled out?
Why is it mentioned that genetic explanations for changes over time can be ruled out?
What did the study of Dutch students who completed a Big-Five questionnaire when they entered university show?
What did the study of Dutch students who completed a Big-Five questionnaire when they entered university show?
What did the study with Finnish men drafted to the military show?
What did the study with Finnish men drafted to the military show?
What do the results of the studies on personality change and twin studies suggest about the learnability of extraversion?
What do the results of the studies on personality change and twin studies suggest about the learnability of extraversion?
What did the cultural theory of gender differences in agreeableness predict regarding women's assertiveness?
What did the cultural theory of gender differences in agreeableness predict regarding women's assertiveness?
What is suggested about introverts in modern cultures?
What is suggested about introverts in modern cultures?
What was observed regarding women's assertiveness from World War II to the 1990s?
What was observed regarding women's assertiveness from World War II to the 1990s?
What do the results of the studies on voluntary personality change and twin studies indicate about the possibility of changing personality traits?
What do the results of the studies on voluntary personality change and twin studies indicate about the possibility of changing personality traits?
What did one study find regarding changes in extraversion from 1966 to 1993?
What did one study find regarding changes in extraversion from 1966 to 1993?
Study Notes
Cultural Influence on Personality Traits
- Culture influences language, clothing, music, and food preferences in an increasingly connected world.
- The chapter explores cultural influence on personality traits like the Big Five and their facets.
- Another chapter examines cultural differences in personality characteristics such as values and attitudes.
- Culture is defined in terms of shared beliefs, values, and social practices of a population.
- Not all members of a population share all beliefs or social practices, but cultures are differentiated based on prevalence.
- Most cross-cultural psychology studies rely on nationality to distinguish populations, but regional cultural differences within countries exist.
- Few studies have examined personality traits across a wide range of cultures.
- Cultural differences can be studied using a culture-centered approach or a variable-centered approach.
- The variable-centered approach requires comparisons of different cultures to understand behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.
- Cross-cultural studies benefit from comparing many cultures rather than just two, similar to increasing participants in a study to find the true relation between two variables.
- The first nomothetic studies of cultures were published in the 1980s by Hofstede, who distinguished individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
- Individualistic cultures are Western cultures, while others tend to be more collectivistic, with the United States scoring the highest on individualism.
Cultural Differences in Personality Traits
- In the second question, 72% of US Americans chose an independent thinker, while 94% of HK Chinese participants selected loyalty.
- For the last question, 70% of US Americans preferred uniqueness, whereas 83% of HK Chinese participants chose activities with friends.
- Notable cultural differences in preferred options exist, and there is variation within groups, with no 100% agreement among participants from the same culture.
- Recent protests in Hong Kong indicate the importance of individualistic values to the people in the region.
- Comprehensive projects comparing 56 and 55 nations have reported national differences along the Big Five personality dimensions.
- Convergent validity across the 36 overlapping nations for the Big Five traits was modest, with zero correlation for openness to experience.
- Culture influences specific traits (facets) rather than the Big Five traits, with different measures and samples yielding very different scores for nations.
- Individualistic cultures, as indicated by wealth and household size, are associated with lower scores on five of the six Neuroticism facets.
- Individuals in individualistic cultures are more impulsive than those in collectivistic cultures, possibly due to differing social norms.
- People in individualistic cultures are more extraverted, with higher warmth and assertiveness, and no clear explanation for the lack of relationship with excitement seeking.
- Individuals in individualistic cultures have stronger relationships with fantasy and feelings facets of openness, possibly due to more leisure time.
- There are no strong relationships between individualism and agreeableness, with weak relationships being unstable and possibly not replicable in other studies.
The Influence of Culture on Personality and Behavior
- The acculturation hypothesis predicts that personality differences become smaller or disappear in the second generation born and raised in a new culture
- Longitudinal studies on the influence of migration on personality and behavior are rare and challenging
- Most studies are cross-sectional, correlating personality with acculturation status, which measures exposure to a new culture
- A study on acculturation from Chinese to Canadian culture found differences in individualism-collectivism
- Comparative study on four groups of Canadians found decreases in Neuroticism and certain facets of Conscientiousness with increasing acculturation
- A recent study replicated cultural differences for these facets with European and Asian US students
- Acculturation studies indicate that cultural differences decrease with increasing acculturation, suggesting that culture shapes personality
- Genetic differences between populations do not mean that personality traits can be attributed to cultural groups because it ignores variation within cultures
- Studies suggest that North Americans are prone to rate themselves more positively than they actually are, creating rating biases
- Systematic differences in rating biases between cultures make it difficult to find real personality differences
- A study of classroom participation at the University of British Columbia found significantly lower participation among East Asian students, indicating potential cultural differences in extraversion
- Alternative explanations for lower participation among East Asian students include language barriers and potential biases in classroom dynamics
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Description
Explore the influence of genetic variation on personality traits as suggested by twin studies. Delve into the limited impact of shared environment on personality traits, possibly due to the minimal variability in parenting practices within a culture.
