Personality and Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about positive reinforcement?

  • It reduces undesirable behavior by adding something positive.
  • It increases desirable behavior by adding something positive. (correct)
  • It increases desirable behavior by removing something negative.
  • It reduces undesirable behavior by removing something negative.

    • What is the key difference between positive reinforcement and positive punishment?

  • Positive reinforcement adds something positive, while positive punishment removes something negative.
  • Positive reinforcement increases desirable behavior, while positive punishment reduces undesirable behavior. (correct)
  • Positive reinforcement reduces undesirable behavior, while positive punishment increases desirable behavior.
  • Positive reinforcement removes something negative, while positive punishment adds something positive.

    • What does observational learning, according to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, require us to do?

  • Understand the consequences without paying attention to others' behavior.
  • Imitate others' behavior without understanding the consequences.
  • Pay attention to others' behavior and understand the consequences that follow. (correct)
  • Ignore others' behavior and focus on personal experiences only.

    • What is a key limitation of Behaviorism?

    <p>It ignores cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of projective tests in psychological assessment?

    <p>To reveal aspects of individuals' personalities through responses to ambiguous stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of objective tests in psychological assessment?

    <p>They consist of multiple-choice or true/false items with unambiguous questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with being talkative, active, social, and assertive?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the five-factor model of personality measure?

    <p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NEO-PI-R measure?

    <p>Personality traits based on the five-factor model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do twin studies in psychiatry and psychology primarily aim to investigate?

    <p>The heritability of certain psychological traits and disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the five-factor model of personality?

    <p>A model that identifies five core personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors aim to identify?

    <p>Clusters of underlying traits using factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many trait words were initially narrowed down by Cattell to identify the 16 personality factors?

    <p>18,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is a personality trait?

    <p>A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that personality is composed of a number of dispositions?

    <p>Trait theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cattell use to identify clusters of underlying traits?

    <p>Factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factor analysis identifies how many important factors in personality?

    <p>3: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Costa & McCrae's Five-factor model, how many factors are included in personality?

    <p>5: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many independent systems does personality consist of according to Freud's theory?

    <p>3: id, ego, and superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does Freud's theory state that adult personality is formed?

    <p>By age 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability ratio for genetic influence on personality traits according to research from twin studies?

    <p>$40-50%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Eysenck's Theory' suggests that personality is influenced by what?

    <p>$Genetic differences$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Evolutionary Psychology examine psychological processes in terms of?

    <p>Adaptive value for species over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Biological perspective on personality focus on?

    <p>Genetic and environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the criticisms of Freud's theory?

    <p>Poor testability and heavy reliance on clinical case studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the psychological approaches to personality theories?

    <p>Psychodynamic, Biological, Behavioral, and Social Cognitive approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Eysenck's Theory?

    <p>It oversimplifies the complexity of personality by focusing too much on genetic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of Evolutionary Psychology?

    <p>It often relies on speculative interpretations of adaptive value for psychological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the heritability ratio for genetic influence on personality traits, according to twin studies, suggest?

    <p>Genetic factors account for 40-50% of the individual differences in personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Freud's theory?

    <p>It heavily relies on clinical case studies and lacks testability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Factor analysis identify in personality?

    <p>$3$ important factors: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Costa & McCrae's Five-factor model include?

    <p>$5$ factors: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Eysenck's Theory' suggests that personality is influenced by what?

    <p>Genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cattell use factor analysis to identify?

    <p>Clusters of underlying traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, how many trait words were initially narrowed down by Cattell to identify the 16 personality factors?

    <p>18,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the biological theories of personality?

    <p>Biological determinants of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NEO-PI-R measure?

    <p>Personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $Eysenck's$ theory suggests that personality is influenced by:

    <p>$Biological and environmental factors$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $Evolutionary Psychology$ examines psychological processes in terms of:

    <p>$Adaptation and natural selection$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many important factors in personality does factor analysis identify?

    <p>Varies depending on the study and sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are twin studies in psychiatry and psychology primarily focused on investigating?

    <p>The heritability ratio for genetic influence on personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud's theory, how many independent systems does personality consist of?

    <p>Three: id, ego, superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of Behaviorism?

    <p>Neglects internal mental processes and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

    <p>Positive reinforcement increases desirable behavior by adding something, while negative reinforcement increases desirable behavior by removing something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NEO-PI-R measure?

    <p>It measures personality traits based on the five-factor model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of projective tests in psychological assessment?

    <p>To reveal aspects of personality that may be difficult for subjects to consciously express.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, what does observational learning require us to do?

    <p>Pay attention to others’ behavior, understand the consequences that follow others’ behavior, and store this information in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?

    <p>Positive punishment adds something aversive to reduce undesirable behavior, while negative punishment removes something desirable to reduce undesirable behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Evolutionary Psychology examine psychological processes in terms of?

    <p>Examination of psychological processes in terms of their adaptive significance for survival and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of objective tests in psychological assessment?

    <p>Objective tests have clear scoring procedures and high reliability and validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theories of Personality in Psychology

    • Factor analysis identifies 3 important factors in personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism
    • Costa & McCrae's Five-factor model includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
    • Personality theories include Psychodynamic, Biological, Behavioral, and Social Cognitive approaches
    • Personality consists of 3 independent systems: id, ego, and superego
    • Freud's theory states that adult personality is formed by age 5, influenced by psychosexual stages
    • Influential aspects of Freud's work include enhancing understanding of therapy and integrating biological factors and environment
    • Criticisms of Freud's theory include poor testability, heavy reliance on clinical case studies, and male-centered view
    • Other psychological approaches to personality include Eysenck's Theory, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary theories
    • Eysenck's Theory suggests personality is influenced by genetic differences, with a focus on introversion-extraversion variations
    • Research from twin studies supports genetic influence on personality traits, with a heritability ratio of 40-50%
    • Evolutionary Psychology examines psychological processes in terms of adaptive value for species over generations
    • The biological perspective on personality has been supported by research but criticized for statistical problems and hindsight bias

    Theories of Personality in Psychology

    • Factor analysis identifies 3 important factors in personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism
    • Costa & McCrae's Five-factor model includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
    • Personality theories include Psychodynamic, Biological, Behavioral, and Social Cognitive approaches
    • Personality consists of 3 independent systems: id, ego, and superego
    • Freud's theory states that adult personality is formed by age 5, influenced by psychosexual stages
    • Influential aspects of Freud's work include enhancing understanding of therapy and integrating biological factors and environment
    • Criticisms of Freud's theory include poor testability, heavy reliance on clinical case studies, and male-centered view
    • Other psychological approaches to personality include Eysenck's Theory, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary theories
    • Eysenck's Theory suggests personality is influenced by genetic differences, with a focus on introversion-extraversion variations
    • Research from twin studies supports genetic influence on personality traits, with a heritability ratio of 40-50%
    • Evolutionary Psychology examines psychological processes in terms of adaptive value for species over generations
    • The biological perspective on personality has been supported by research but criticized for statistical problems and hindsight bias

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    Lecture 3 Personality PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of personality and development theories, including the five-factor model, Freud's view of development, and biological theories of personality. Explore the assessment of personality and its link to life outcomes.

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