Personal, Social and Moral Development

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Questions and Answers

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict during adolescence that shapes identity and self-concept?

Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion (correct)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt

How does enhanced perspective-taking ability contribute to the development of social problem-solving skills?

It increases egocentrism, causing individuals to focus solely on their own needs and desires.
It enables individuals to understand others' viewpoints, leading to more effective and empathetic solutions. (correct)
It impairs the ability to consider different solutions, resulting in impulsive decision-making.
It promotes aggressive behavior, as individuals become more aware of potential threats from others.

According to Jean Piaget's theory of morality, how does a child's understanding of rules and intentions evolve as they transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality?

Children focus solely on avoiding punishment, with no understanding of the underlying principles or intentions behind the rules.
Children prioritize outcomes over intentions, judging actions based on their consequences regardless of the underlying motives.
Children begin to view rules as unchangeable and imposed by authority figures, with intentions being irrelevant in judging actions.
Children develop a relativistic view of rules, understanding that they are created by people and can be changed through mutual agreement, while considering intentions when evaluating actions. (correct)

According to Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning, at the conventional level individuals define morality by:

<p>adhering to laws and social norms to maintain social order. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences would be most relevant for success in a career that requires understanding and interacting effectively with others, such as counseling or social work?

<p>Interpersonal Intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Identity Development

The development of a sense of self and understanding one's own qualities and beliefs.

Perspective Taking

Understanding that others have different thoughts, feelings, and perspectives than your own.

Social Problem Solving

The process of identifying a problem, considering solutions, and choosing the best course of action in social situations.

Charles Spearman's 'g' factor

Argued that intelligence had a single general factor.

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Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Intelligence including self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills.

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Study Notes

The lecture is about development of morality
Lecture will cover: Personal, Social and Moral Development

Development of Identity and Self-concept

Development of Identity and Self-concept was developed by Erik Erikson
Issues explored include perspective taking, social problem solving, violence and aggression in schools

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development
These stages span from infancy to old age, each marked by a specific crisis
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (1st year of life)
- Favorable outcome: Faith in the environment/future events
- Unfavorable outcome: Suspicion, fear
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (2nd year)
- Favorable outcome: Self-control, adequacy
- Unfavorable outcome: Feelings of shame, self-doubt
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (3rd through 5th years)
- Favorable outcome: Self-starter
- Unfavorable outcome: Sense of guilt, inadequacy
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6th year to puberty)
- Favorable outcome: Understanding/organization skills
- Unfavorable outcome: Sense of inferiority
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Adolescence)
- Favorable outcome: Seeing self as unique/integrated
- Unfavorable outcome: Confusion over identity
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood)
- Favorable outcome: Ability to commit to others, to love
- Unfavorable outcome: Inability to form affectionate relationships
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Self-adsorption (Middle age)
- Favorable outcome: Concern for family/society
- Unfavorable outcome: Concern only for self
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Aging years)
- Favorable outcome: Integrity, willingness to face death
- Unfavorable outcome: Dissatisfaction with life, despair

Consider others' views by suspending personal opinions/judgments
Ask how the situation appears from their perspective.
Check the understanding of their perspective by asking questions
Stop justifying or explaining their perceived wrongs; avoid it
Imagine how they feel given their situation
Emphasize how they feel in their specific situation

When an event happens, what one thinks will affect how one feels and what one does
Steps to follow include:
- Describe the situation
- Identify thoughts
- Identify Feelings
- Recognize reactions/behaviour
- Understand the Outcome

Strategies to Promote Healthy Development

Promote supportive family environments
Provide quality early education
Strengthen youth skills via school-based programs
Connect youth with caring adults/activities (mentoring, after-school programs)
Create protective community environments by modifying physical/social factors and reducing risks
Intervene to lessen harms and prevent future risks via treatments and partnerships

Jean Piaget's Theory of Morality

There are two distinct stages of moral development
First stage is Heteronomous Morality (5-10 years), the second is Autonomous Morality (10+ years)
Heteronomous Morality emphasizes rules imposed by authority.
Autonomous Morality involves co-constructing rules with peers.
Heteronomous thinker follows:
- Rules from authority
- Motivation for action isn't considered
- Focus is on Behaviour outcomes only
- Expiatory punishment
Autonomous thinker considers:
- Rules come from co-construction with peers
- Focus on what the intentions were
- Considers not focusing on behaviour

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning

Level 1: Pre-conventional
- Stage 1: Obedience and punishment driven
  - Right/wrong is defined by punishment avoidance
- Stage 2: Self-interest driven
  - Right/wrong is defined by rewards/personal wants with reciprocal considerations
Level 2: Conventional
- Stage 3: Interpersonal accord/conformity driven
  - Being good means being seen as good/conforming to majority opinion
- Stage 4: Authority/social order obedience driven
  - Being good means respecting authority/maintaining social order/obeying laws
Level 3: Post-conventional
- Stage 5: Social contract driven
  - Laws are contracts; individual rights can override destructive laws
- Stage 6: Universal ethical principles driven
  - Moral action is determined by inner conscience, based on universal ethics

Learner Diversity

Learner Diversity includes differences in students
Diversity includes:
- Culture: the knowledge, attitudes, values, habits that characterize a group.
- Language: traditional way of communicating
- Gender: differences between girls and boys
- Exceptionalities: needing help to reach full potential
All of the above impact learning

Two Kinds of Intelligence

Theorist R. B. Cattell identified two types of intelligence in 1971
Crystallized intelligence: intellectual achievement through knowledge.
Fluid intelligence: logical thinking/problem-solving.
Crystallized intelligence typically increases with age, but fluid intelligence decreases.

Theories of Intelligence

Spearman: General Intelligence ("g" factor)
Charles Spearman found positive correlations between scores on cognitive tasks
Spearman concluded that a general intelligence factor (“G-factor”) can indicate a person's intelligence
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
- Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman
- Gardner believed there are different intelligences: Verbal-Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Musical-Rhythmic, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Spatial-Visual, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic, & Existential

Sternberg: Triarchic theory

Emphasizes 3 types of abilities:
- Analytical/Componential
- Creative/Experiential
- Practical/Contextual

Daniel Goleman: Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Self Awareness:
- Emotional Awareness
- Accurate Self-Assessment
- Self-Confidence
Social Relation:
- Social: empathy, service orientation
- Relationship: Inspirational leadership, influence, teamwork

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Description

Explores the development of morality, identity, and self-concept, based on the work of Erik Erikson. Covers perspective taking, social problem solving, and aggression. Outlines Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age.