Persian Literary Translation Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the process referred to when a translator creates a new situation in the target language (TL)?

This process is known as adaptation.

In Fani’s translation of Hāfez’s work, how does he adapt the phrase 'sajjādeh rangin kon'?

Fani translates it as 'dye the prayer-rug.'

What must a translator achieve when faced with cultural concepts that are lost in translation?

The translator must recreate the message in the target text (TT).

What fields does Nida's Generative Dynamic Approach incorporate into Bible translation?

<p>It incorporates linguistics, anthropology, psychology, philosophy, and biblical hermeneutics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whose generative grammar does Nida's work borrow from to describe translation processes?

<p>Nida borrows from Chomsky's early generative grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are kernel sentences, according to Chomsky's theory, in relation to translation?

<p>Kernel sentences are basic structures from which more complex language forms are built.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Katz and Fodor's theory of semantics relate to Chomsky's universal grammar in translation?

<p>Both theories suggest that there are language-independent components that share common meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation processes are involved in Chomsky's framework that parallels translation?

<p>The processes include addition, deletion, and replacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do native speakers process idiomatic expressions compared to their literal meanings?

<p>Native speakers access the idiomatic meaning of collocations before their literal meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the translator face when recreating the effect of idiomatic expressions in the target text?

<p>The translator must endeavor to recreate a similar effect for the readers of the target text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of Persian literary works makes translation particularly complex?

<p>Ambiguity and vagueness are prominent features of Persian poetry and prose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hartman (2019) suggest about stereotypes in translation?

<p>Hartman argues that the translator must avoid reproducing stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common practices translators use to address unfamiliar cultural references?

<p>Translators often add explanations in parentheses, footnotes, or endnotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the idiom 'hame rā be yek cheshm negāh mikard' mean in English?

<p>'He looked at everyone with one eye' translates to 'he did not discriminate.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Nida argue is important when translating from Source Language (SL) to Target Language (TL)?

<p>The importance of recreating the message in a way that is language-independent and universal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the translator's dilemma regarding the addition of contextual explanations?

<p>The translator must decide whether these additions enhance understanding or detract from the literary experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nida, what are the priorities that determine whether a translator should use formal or dynamic equivalence?

<p>If form and content are prioritized, then formal equivalence is chosen; if audience reaction is prioritized, dynamic equivalence is used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it particularly difficult to translate allusions in literary works?

<p>Allusions contain idiomatic language as well as cultural, literal, and historical references, which are hard to replicate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might formal-equivalence translation be more suitable for scientific texts?

<p>Scientific texts often require precision and accuracy in terminology, which is better achieved through formal equivalence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Hafez's poetry in the context of translation according to the text?

<p>Translating Hafez's poetry is challenging because form and content are deeply interconnected, making formal-equivalence more feasible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three criteria Nida suggests for judging the efficacy of a translation?

<p>Efficiency of communication, comprehension of the original intent, and equivalence of response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Catford view the relationship between translation and linguistics?

<p>Catford believes that any theory of translation should be based on a theory of linguistics, as translation involves substituting texts between languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Nida's model of communication include as essential factors?

<p>Nida's model includes the subject matter, participants, linguistic act, code used, and the message itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context might a dynamic-equivalence translation be preferred?

<p>Dynamic-equivalence is preferred in contexts like political speeches or TV commercials to elicit similar audience reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'third code' in translation studies?

<p>A 'third code' refers to the notion that the translated text (TT) is a distinct entity that results from a compromise between the norms of the source language (SL) and the target language (TL).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do S-universals differ from T-universals according to Chesterman?

<p>S-universals are identified by comparing the source text (ST) with the target text (TT), while T-universals are derived from a comparison of the TT with original texts in the target language (TL).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is indicated by the term 'lengthening' in translation universals?

<p>Lengthening indicates that translations tend to be longer than their source texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'standardization' imply in the context of translated texts?

<p>Standardization implies that translations often employ more standard language compared to a source text that may deviate from standard norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what is meant by 'explication' in translations.

<p>Explication refers to the practice of making implicit information in the source text explicit in the translated text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'sanitization' in translated texts?

<p>Sanitization signifies that translations tend to exhibit more typical collocations compared to their source texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does interference from the source text manifest in translated works?

<p>Interference manifests as the source text exerting a significant influence on the structure and style of the target text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed regarding lexical variety in translated texts compared to non-translated texts?

<p>Translated texts tend to be less varied lexically, less lexically dense, and they use more high-frequency terms than non-translated texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between subconscious and conscious processing in translation according to professional translators?

<p>Subconscious processing occurs in routine tasks where translation becomes automatic, while conscious processing involves more effort in novel situations that have not yet become automatized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the segmentation method vary for professional translators when dealing with easy versus difficult texts?

<p>Professional translators segment larger portions of the source text (ST) for easier texts and smaller segments at the word and phrase level for more difficult texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lawrence Venuti mean by the term 'translator's invisibility'?

<p>Translator's invisibility refers to the phenomenon where the translator's role is marginalized, making the translated text appear as if it were an original in the target language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'integrated processing mode' in translation according to Dragsted (2005)?

<p>The 'integrated processing mode' refers to the method where professional translators process larger segments of the ST, especially in easier texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might professional translators take longer to make decisions during the translation process?

<p>They are reported to identify more problems and have more options to consider regarding lexicon, form, and message equivalences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Venuti suggest translators should do to give their translations more power and visibility?

<p>Venuti suggests that translators should 'foreignize' the target text (TT) instead of just seeking to 'domesticate' it to highlight its unique qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does segmentation change as a translation task progresses towards its end?

<p>It is reported that segmentations become longer as the translation task nears completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how professional translators navigate various translation challenges?

<p>They shift between subconscious processing for routine tasks and conscious processing for novel or complex texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two meanings of the word 'rend' in Persian, and how do they differ?

<p>The word 'rend' in Persian has a positive connotation associated with Hafez's poetry, while in modern usage it means 'shrewd' with a negative connotation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of polysemy illustrated by the word 'Ashkāniān' in Daneshvar's work?

<p>'Ashkāniān' cleverly evokes both its literal meaning 'Parthians' and the word 'ashk' meaning 'tear', which is a play on words in the narrative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with translating the Persian phrase 'qalam-e qavi' into English?

<p>'Qalam-e qavi' translates literally to 'strong pen', but this could mislead readers to think it refers to the physical pen's quality rather than a good writing style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are idioms considered a challenge in translating Persian into English?

<p>Idioms are culturally specific expressions that often do not have direct equivalents in English, making them difficult to convey their meanings accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategies might translators use to address untranslatable words in Persian?

<p>Translators can use explanations in the text or footnotes to clarify non-equivalent words, helping to convey their significance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of 'lab-e juy' illustrate about translation practices?

<p>'Lab-e juy' exemplifies how translators may provide detailed explanations to preserve the imagery and context in the target text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do semantic domains contribute to untranslatability between Persian and English?

<p>Certain words may lack direct equivalents in the target language due to cultural or contextual differences in semantic domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might literal translations of collocations confuse English readers?

<p>Literal translations of collocations, such as 'strong pen', can lead to misunderstandings as they may not accurately convey the intended meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adaptation in Translation

Creating a new situation understandable in the target language (TL) to convey the original message (source text - ST).

Poetic Untranslatability

The idea that some poetic elements cannot be fully duplicated in another language due to cultural differences.

Generative Dynamic Approach (Translation)

A translation approach combining linguistics, anthropology, psychology, and more to create a nuanced translation.

Transformational Grammar

A linguistic theory proposing language structure develops from basic kernel sentences through transformations (adding, removing, etc.).

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Kernel Sentences

Basic, fundamental sentence structures in a language.

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Semantic Components

The basic meaning units of words, often shared across languages to some extent.

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Target Language (TL)

The language a text is translated into.

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Source Text (ST)

The original text to be translated.

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Formal Equivalence Translation

A translation prioritizing the form and content of the source text (ST).

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Dynamic Equivalence Translation

A translation prioritizing the reaction of the target text (TT) audience mimicking the ST audience's reaction.

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Translation Equivalences

Different types of equivalences used in translation, categorized by the focus of the translation.

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Translation Efficacy Criteria

Standards for judging the quality of a translation: efficiency of communication, comprehension of original intent, and equivalence of response.

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Nida's Communication Factors

The 5 factors (subject matter, participants, linguistic act, code, message) in verbal communication highlighted by Nida (1964).

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Literary Translation Challenges

Specific difficulties in translating literary works where achieving the same emotional impact of the source text can be challenging.

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Catford's Systemic Functional Approach

Translation theory that emphasizes the linguistic basis of translation (1965).

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Translation as Text Substitution

Catford's view that translation is a process of replacing a text in one language with a text in another.

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Translation Universals

Characteristics commonly found in translated texts, arising from the translation process, for example, longer text or simplification.

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Third Code

The idea that translated texts are distinct from both source and target languages, creating a unique language in-between.

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Translational Interlanguage

Similar to the 'Third Code', suggesting translation features a blend of source and target languages, including potential errors.

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S-universals vs T-universals

S-universals compare the source text directly to the translated text, while T-universals compare the translated text against original texts in the target language.

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Lengthening in translation

Translated texts are often longer than their source texts due to clarifications and cultural adjustments.

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Interference in translation

The source text can influence the target text, leading to stylistic or lexical choices that are not typical of the target language.

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Standardization in translation

Translated texts tend to be more standard in language compared to source texts that use non-standard vocabulary or grammar.

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Less repetition in translation

Translations usually have less repetition compared to their source texts, striving for clarity and conciseness.

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Translation Processing

The mental work translators do to understand and convey meaning across languages. It can be subconscious (automatic) for familiar tasks or conscious (effortful) for new ones.

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Segmentation in Translation

The way translators break down a source text into manageable chunks for analysis and translation. This can vary in size depending on the text's difficulty.

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Integrated Processing Mode

A translation style used by professional translators for easier texts, where they process larger chunks (clauses, sentences) at once.

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Analytic Processing Mode

A more detailed translation style used for difficult texts, where translators focus on smaller chunks (words, phrases).

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Translator's Invisibility

The idea that translators tend to be overlooked, with their work appearing like an original text in the target language, making them seem invisible.

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TT Fluency Illusion

The perception that a translated text reads naturally and fluently, as if it were originally written in the target language.

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Foreignization in Translation

A translation technique where the translator intentionally keeps some elements of the source language's style and culture in the translated version, making it stand out as a translation.

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Domestication in Translation

Making a translated text sound like a native text in the target language by adapting the style and cultural references to fit the target audience.

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Untranslatability

The concept that some aspects of language, meaning, or cultural nuances cannot be accurately or fully translated into another language.

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Connotation

The implied or suggested meanings of a word beyond its literal definition, influenced by cultural and personal associations.

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Lexical Information

The specific vocabulary and word choices used in a language, including their meanings and cultural context.

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Polysemy

The ability of a word to have multiple meanings depending on context.

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Wordplay

The intentional use of words for their multiple meanings or puns to create a humorous or literary effect.

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Collocation

The tendency for certain words to appear together in a language, creating established phrases or expressions.

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Idiom

A phrase or expression whose meaning is not literal, but understood figuratively within a specific language and culture.

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Lexico-Semantic Problem

A challenge in translation arising from differences in vocabulary, meaning, and cultural associations between languages.

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Idiomatic Expressions in Translation

Translating idiomatic expressions involves recreating the same effect on the target audience as the original idiom had on the source audience.

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Ambiguity in Literary Translation

Maintaining ambiguity in literary translation can be a challenge, as translators often feel pressured to clarify meanings for the target audience.

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Cultural References in Translation

Translating allusions, which often include cultural references, poses unique challenges for conveying the original meaning and impact.

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Translation and Explication

Translators often debate whether adding explications, like footnotes, helps or hinders the reader's experience of a literary work.

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Preserving Idiomatic Effect

Translators strive to recreate the same effect of an idiom in the target language, even if literal translation doesn't capture it.

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Avoiding Stereotypes in Translation

Translators need to be mindful of avoiding stereotypes when translating, especially when dealing with cultural references.

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Challenges of Allusions in Translation

Allusions often embed complex cultural, historical, and idiomatic references, making their translation particularly challenging.

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Study Notes

Linguistic Perspective on Persian Literary Translation

  • Translation is a complex process, especially between languages with asymmetrical structures and polysemous words.
  • Linguistic approaches are based on linguistic principles.
  • Translation studies are informed and supported by linguistics.
  • Data from translation studies inform linguistic theory, and vice versa.
  • Theoretical concepts from both fields influence each other.
  • Several translation approaches exist, differing in theoretical foundations.

Linguistic-Oriented Approaches to Translation

  • Vinay and Darbelnet's Saussurean approach views translation through syntax, lexis, and message levels.
  • Nida's generative dynamic approach incorporates linguistics with anthropology, psychology, and philosophy.
  • Catford's systemic functional approach examines translation as substituting textual materials across languages.
  • Gutt's relevance theory approach suggests translation should consider the intended effect on the audience.
  • Bell's psycholinguistic approach investigates cognitive processes during the translation process.
  • Halverson's cognitive linguistic approach focuses on cognitive processes and structures in translation.

Considerations in Persian Literary Translation

  • Persian is a highly idiomatic language, differing from the more literal nature of English.
  • Different dialects and styles within Persian texts present translation challenges.
  • Maintaining the style and tone of the original text is crucial in literary translation.
  • Translation universals, including explication, are sometimes present across different languages, but are not universal.

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A Linguistic Perspective on Persian Literary Translation PDF

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Explore the intricate relationship between linguistics and translation through a linguistic perspective on Persian literary translation. This quiz covers various theoretical approaches to translation and how they are influenced by linguistic principles. Challenge your understanding of how these fields inform each other and their impact on translation studies.

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