Perry: Maternal Child Nursing Care, 7th Edition Chapter 32 Quiz

Physical Development

• The toddler stage spans from 12 to 36 months, characterized by intense exploration of the environment.
• Brain growth is 75% completed by the end of two years, with brain cells continuing to increase in size.
• Locomotion is the major gross motor skill acquired during toddlerhood, followed by fine motor development and manual dexterity.
• Physiologic systems are mostly mature by the end of toddlerhood, with the exception of brain development.

Psychosocial Development

• Toddlerhood involves differentiating self from others, tolerating separation from parents, coping with delayed gratification, controlling bodily functions, acquiring socially acceptable behavior, communicating verbally, and interacting with others in a less egocentric manner.
• According to Erikson, the major developmental task of toddlerhood is acquiring a sense of autonomy while overcoming doubt and shame.

Cognitive Development

• Toddlerhood is characterized by the sensorimotor and preconceptual phases of development, where the child experiments and applies knowledge to new situations.
• This phase sees the beginning of rational judgment, intellectual reasoning, awareness of causal relationships, and advancement of object permanence.

Language Development

• The most striking characteristic of language development during early childhood is the increasing level of comprehension.

Social and Emotional Development

• Solitary play of infancy progresses to parallel play, where toddlers play alongside, not with, other children.
• Parental concerns during the toddler years include toilet training, coping with sibling rivalry, dealing with temper tantrums, negativism, and regression.

Health and Safety

• Lifetime eating habits may be established in early childhood, emphasizing the role of food selection choices, exercise, stress reduction, and other lifestyle choices on adult life and survival.
• Total sleep decreases only slightly during the second year, averaging about 11 to 12 hours a day, with a consistent nightly bedtime routine promoting better sleep patterns.
• Regular dental examinations, fluoride supplementation, removal of plaque, and a low-cariogenic diet promote optimum dental health.
• Fatal injuries during early childhood are primarily caused by motor vehicle accidents, drownings, and burns, with a lack of awareness of danger within the environment.
• Pediatric poison ingestion is common, and prevention is key through education and safety measures.