Org. Theory and Design: Chapter 9 (Matching)

Individual level = Personal skills, knowledge, and competences Functional or departmental level = Procedures and techniques that groups work out to perform their work and create competences Organizational level = The way an organization converts inputs into outputs

External resource approach = Uses technology to increase its ability to manage and control external stakeholders Internal systems approach = Uses technology to increase the success of its attempts to innovate

Routine manufacturing = Low task variability and high task analysability Craftswork = Low task variability and low task analysability Engineering production = High task variability and high task analysability Nonroutine research = High task variability and low task analysability

Mechanistic structure = Routine technology Organic structure = Nonroutine technology Flat and decentralized structure = Complex, nonroutine technology Matrix structure = Intensive technology

Mediating technology = Pooled interdependence Long-linked technology = Sequential interdependence Intensive technology = Reciprocal interdependence Mass production technology = Sequential interdependence

Long-linked technology = Employees do not become highly skilled Intensive technology = Enhances employees' skills development Mediating technology = Does not affect employee skills development Mass production technology = Limits employee skills development

Using franchises = Mediating technology Program the conversion process = Long-linked technology Inseparable input, conversion, and output activities = Intensive technology Planning and scheduling to manage linkages = Long-linked technology

Small-batch and unit technology = Lowest on the dimension of technological complexity Large-batch and mass production technology = Increased use of machines and equipment Continuous-process technology = Almost entirely automated and mechanized

Small-batch and unit technology = Relatively expensive to operate because the work process is unpredictable Large-batch and mass production technology = Allows organization to save money on production and charge a lower price for its products Continuous-process technology = Has the lowest production costs

Small-batch technology organizations = Typically have three levels in the organizational structure Mass production technology organizations = Associated with a mechanistic structure Continuous-process technology organizations = Most appropriate structure is an organic structure

Task variability = Low when a task is highly standardized or repetitive Task analysability = Tasks are hard to analyze when they cannot be programmed

High technical complexity = Conversion processes can be programmed in advance and fully automated Low technical complexity = Conversion processes depend primarily on people and their skills, not on machines

Technology determines structure = Associated with the technological imperative Complex tasks are related to task variability and task analysability = Charles Perrow's theory

Computer-aided design (CAD) = Simplifies the design process by allowing components to be designed on a computer screen and physically produced Computer-aided materials management (CAMM) = Manages the flow of raw materials and component parts into the conversion process and controls inventory Just-in-time inventory systems = Deliver inputs and components needed for production exactly when they are required Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) = Controls the changeover from one operation to another using computer commands

Flexible production = Allows production of various components at minimal extra cost on the same machine Lean production = Increases efficiency and reduces production costs by minimizing waste Computer-aided production = Incorporates advanced manufacturing techniques using computer technology Continuous-process technology = Operates like a continuous-process technology, increasing efficiency and reducing production costs

Machinery, other equipment, and computers = Comprise materials technology and aid in innovative production processes Computer-aided design (CAD) = Simplifies the design process and allows for quick redesign if necessary Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) = Controls machine operations through computer software commands Just-in-time inventory systems = Ensure inputs and components are delivered exactly when needed

Task interdependence = Increases due to just-in-time inventory systems and computer-aided materials management Push approach = Inputs are pushed into the conversion process according to a predetermined plan Pull approach = Inputs are pulled into the conversion process in response to demands from the output stage (customers) Technical complexity = Increases as input, conversion, and output activities become a continuous process

Increased product quality = Achieved through flexibility and ability to respond to customer needs Reduction of production costs = Brought about by increased efficiency and reduced waste Flexibility in manufacturing = Allows for small-batch production and variety advantages combined with low-cost continuous-process production Increased efficiency = Resulting from just-in-time inventory systems, CAMM, CAD, and CIM

Innovations in material technology = Based on new views of linkages among input, conversion, and output activities Computer-aided materials management (CAMM) = Manages the flow of raw materials and component parts into the conversion process and controls inventory Just-in-time inventory systems = Require inputs and components to be delivered exactly when needed to minimize input inventories Flexible manufacturing technology = Allows production of various components at minimal extra cost on the same machine