Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary shape characteristic of the permanent maxillary central incisors?
What is the primary shape characteristic of the permanent maxillary central incisors?
At what age does the crown of the permanent maxillary central incisor typically complete its development?
At what age does the crown of the permanent maxillary central incisor typically complete its development?
Which aspect of the permanent maxillary central incisor features a predominantly concave surface?
Which aspect of the permanent maxillary central incisor features a predominantly concave surface?
What is notable about the mesial margin compared to the distal margin of the permanent maxillary central incisor?
What is notable about the mesial margin compared to the distal margin of the permanent maxillary central incisor?
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Which feature is found on the labial aspect of the permanent maxillary central incisors?
Which feature is found on the labial aspect of the permanent maxillary central incisors?
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What term describes the appearance of the ridges on the palatal aspect of the permanent maxillary central incisors?
What term describes the appearance of the ridges on the palatal aspect of the permanent maxillary central incisors?
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What is the most significant feature of the cingulum on the palatal aspect?
What is the most significant feature of the cingulum on the palatal aspect?
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Which description accurately characterizes the apex of the root of the permanent maxillary central incisor?
Which description accurately characterizes the apex of the root of the permanent maxillary central incisor?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the curvature of the cervical line on the mesial aspect?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the curvature of the cervical line on the mesial aspect?
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What effect does the addition of maleic acid have on glass ionomer cement (GIC)?
What effect does the addition of maleic acid have on glass ionomer cement (GIC)?
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What bond type is primarily involved in the bonding of GIC to collagen?
What bond type is primarily involved in the bonding of GIC to collagen?
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Which statement accurately describes the moisture sensitivity of GIC?
Which statement accurately describes the moisture sensitivity of GIC?
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Which of the following factors can improve the setting characteristics of GIC?
Which of the following factors can improve the setting characteristics of GIC?
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What is one of the major disadvantages of using GIC in clinical applications?
What is one of the major disadvantages of using GIC in clinical applications?
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Which condition is necessary for establishing a strong bond between GIC and tooth structure?
Which condition is necessary for establishing a strong bond between GIC and tooth structure?
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Which characteristic distinguishes the cusp of the mandibular canine compared to the maxillary canine?
Which characteristic distinguishes the cusp of the mandibular canine compared to the maxillary canine?
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At what age does the crown of the maxillary canine typically complete development?
At what age does the crown of the maxillary canine typically complete development?
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Which anatomical feature is more developed in the palatal aspect of the canine compared to incisors?
Which anatomical feature is more developed in the palatal aspect of the canine compared to incisors?
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What is the shape of the mandibular canine root's cross-section?
What is the shape of the mandibular canine root's cross-section?
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Which aspect of the mandibular canine is characterized by less pronounced features compared to the maxillary canine?
Which aspect of the mandibular canine is characterized by less pronounced features compared to the maxillary canine?
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What is the main developmental feature of the mandibular canine root at the apex?
What is the main developmental feature of the mandibular canine root at the apex?
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How does the contact area of the mandibular canine's mesial aspect differ from its distal aspect?
How does the contact area of the mandibular canine's mesial aspect differ from its distal aspect?
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What developmental characteristic is shared by both maxillary and mandibular canines?
What developmental characteristic is shared by both maxillary and mandibular canines?
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What distinct line characteristic is observed on the labial aspect of canines?
What distinct line characteristic is observed on the labial aspect of canines?
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What is a unique morphological feature of canines compared to incisors?
What is a unique morphological feature of canines compared to incisors?
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Which of the following features is true about the maxillary lateral incisors in relation to the maxillary central incisors?
Which of the following features is true about the maxillary lateral incisors in relation to the maxillary central incisors?
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At what age does the first signs of calcification for maxillary lateral incisors typically begin?
At what age does the first signs of calcification for maxillary lateral incisors typically begin?
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What is the most common developmental anomaly associated with maxillary lateral incisors?
What is the most common developmental anomaly associated with maxillary lateral incisors?
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Which aspect of the maxillary lateral incisors demonstrates a deeper palatal concavity?
Which aspect of the maxillary lateral incisors demonstrates a deeper palatal concavity?
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What is a common characteristic of the mesioincisal angle in maxillary lateral incisors compared to the distal angle?
What is a common characteristic of the mesioincisal angle in maxillary lateral incisors compared to the distal angle?
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Which of the following statements about hypodontia related to maxillary lateral incisors is accurate?
Which of the following statements about hypodontia related to maxillary lateral incisors is accurate?
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Which statement correctly describes the incisal line of maxillary lateral incisors?
Which statement correctly describes the incisal line of maxillary lateral incisors?
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How does the labial aspect of maxillary lateral incisors compare to maxillary central incisors?
How does the labial aspect of maxillary lateral incisors compare to maxillary central incisors?
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At what age do maxillary lateral incisors typically complete their crown development?
At what age do maxillary lateral incisors typically complete their crown development?
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What characteristic distinguishes the mesial aspect of mandibular incisors from the distal aspect?
What characteristic distinguishes the mesial aspect of mandibular incisors from the distal aspect?
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Which feature is accurate regarding the appearance of a mandibular central incisor?
Which feature is accurate regarding the appearance of a mandibular central incisor?
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What is the significance of the incisal edge in relation to the long axis of the mandibular lateral incisor?
What is the significance of the incisal edge in relation to the long axis of the mandibular lateral incisor?
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At what age does the crown of the mandibular lateral incisor typically complete development?
At what age does the crown of the mandibular lateral incisor typically complete development?
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Which statement describes the root structure of a mandibular lateral incisor?
Which statement describes the root structure of a mandibular lateral incisor?
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How does the appearance of the maxillary canine compare to that of the mandibular lateral incisor?
How does the appearance of the maxillary canine compare to that of the mandibular lateral incisor?
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Which aspect of the maxillary canine development is false?
Which aspect of the maxillary canine development is false?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the root structure of the mandibular central incisor?
What is a distinguishing feature of the root structure of the mandibular central incisor?
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What is true regarding the incisal ridge of the mandibular central incisor?
What is true regarding the incisal ridge of the mandibular central incisor?
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Which statement accurately describes the labial aspect of the mandibular lateral incisor?
Which statement accurately describes the labial aspect of the mandibular lateral incisor?
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Study Notes
Appearance of Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors
- Located on either side of the midline and ideally appear as mirror images
- FDI numbers: 11 and 21
- Widest permanent incisor mesiodistally
- Square/rectangular appearance
- Symmetrical crown
Development of Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors
- First sign of calcification: 3-4 months of life
- Crown complete by 4-5 years
- Eruption: 7-8 years
Labial Aspect of Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors
- Convex from mesial to distal and cervical to incisal
- 4 line margins/line angles visible (mesial, distal, incisal, cervical)
- 2 angles visible (mesioincisal, distoincisal)
- Mesial Margin: longer and straighter than distal
- Mesioincisal angle is relatively sharp compared to the distoincisal
- Incisal margin is straight after the mamelons wear off
- Root: cone shaped with a blunt apex
Palatal (Lingual) Aspect of Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors
- Predominantly concave surface
- Mesial and distal present as distinct ridges
- Often has a shovel shaped appearance
- Cingulum located near the cervical margin - a convex feature
- Lingual fossa - deepest part - towards the incisal
- A ridge of enamel may point toward the incisal margin dividing this surface in two
Mesial and Distal Aspects of Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors
- Triangular/wedge shaped - base at the cervix and apex at the incisal tip
- Cervical curvature of the CEJ is greater on the mesial aspect
- Distal aspect is similar but CEJ is less exaggerated
- Contact Area: incisal 1/3
Appearance of Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors
- FDI numbers: 12 and 22
- Complement the central incisors in appearance and function
- Second in the incisor sequence
- Smaller than the maxillary central incisors (except root length)
- Same features as central incisors but often condensed/exaggerated
Development of Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors
- First signs of calcification: 10-12 months
- Crown completion: 4-5 years
- Eruption: 8-9 years
- Mamelons are present in young teeth but are less pronounced than in centrals
Variations in Appearance of Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors
- Display the most variation in form (apart from 3rd molars)
- If the variation is too great, it is considered a developmental anomaly
- Common: maxillary lateral incisors of non-descript conical pointed form - peg laterals
Hypodontia of Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors
- Most common tooth to be congenitally missing, either singly or bilaterally in 1-2% of the population
Labial Aspect of Permanent Maxillary Laterals
- Mesioincisal angle is sharper than distal
- Mesioincisal and distoincisal angles are more rounded than centrals
- Labial surface is more convex than maxillary centrals
- Narrower mesiodistally and shorter cervicoincisally than maxillary centrals
- Incisal line slopes more on the mesial aspect than centrals
Palatal Aspect of Permanent Maxillary Laterals
- Mesial and distal margins are more pronounced than in centrals
- Cingulum is usually prominent, making the palatal concavity appear deeper
- A large, pointed tubercle may also be present on the cingulum
- Deep pit may be present in the cingulum - foramen caecum - this may extend towards the root
- Carefully examine this area using triplex air syringe - caries predilection spot
Mesial and Distal Aspects of Permanent Maxillary Laterals
- Wedge shaped
- Mesial aspect displays greater curvature of the CEJ than the distal
- Distal surface is quite rounded, similar to the mesial aspect on the canine
- Root appears longer - shaped as a tapered cone
- Apical end can be pointed or blunt
- Contact Area: incisal 1/3
Root Structure of Permanent Maxillary Laterals
- Same length as the central's root - may be longer
- Apical 1/3 is often distally inclined and terminates sharply
- Narrow/flattened mesiodistally
Appearance of Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors
- Smallest tooth in permanent dentition
- FDI numbers: 31 and 41
- Smooth labial surface with no clear developmental lines
- Mamelons are present when newly erupted - wear off rapidly if in normal occlusion
Development of Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors
- First sign of calcification: 3-4 months
- Crown complete by 4-5 years old
- Eruption: 6-7 years
- Most likely the first succedaneous tooth in the mouth
Labial Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors
- Regular and convex
- Crown is 2x long as wide
- Symmetrical in shape
- Roughly triangular - narrow at the cervix
- Rounded CEJ
- Mesioincisal angle is relatively sharp compared to the distoincisal
- Incisal ridge at a right angle to the long axis
Lingual Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors
- Lingual surface is smooth and slightly concave from incisal to cervical
- Less concave from mesial to distal
- Lingual cingulum, mesial and distal marginal ridges are less defined than in maxillary incisors
- Rarely are lingual pits/fissures present
- Root tip may have a slight distal curve
Mesial and Distal Aspects of Permanent Mandibular Central Incisors
- Triangular in outline
- Base is towards the root
- Cervical line (CEJ) outline may be the same on both sides
- If a difference in CEJ is present, then the mesial aspect presents with greater curvature
- Incisal edge has a labial inclination as a result of occlusal wear
- Contact area: incisal 1/3
Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor
- Closely resembles the mandibular central
- FDI numbers: 32 and 42
- Slightly larger and is more asymmetric in shape than the mandibular central
- Distodevelopmental lobe is wider than that of the mandibular central
- Slightly wider mesiodistally
- Longer incisocervically
Development of Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisors
- First sign of calcification: 3-4 months
- Crown complete by 4-5 years
- Eruption: 7-8 years of age
Labial Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisors
- Usually greater mesiodistal dimension by 1 mm
- Mesial side slightly higher than the distal
- Incisal edge slopes down towards the distal
- Mamelons are present in newly erupted teeth
Lingual Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisors
- Ridges are slightly more developed than centrals
- Lingual fossa appears shallow - a lingual pit may also be present
- Root can be considerably longer than in mandibular central
- Proximal grooves often give the appearance of a double root
- Apex may have a labial/distal inclination
Root Structure of Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisors
- Root: delicate
- Flattened mesiodistal
- Longitudinal grooves on mesial and distal
- Distal groove is often deeper than mesial
- Apex may have a distal deflection
Appearance of Permanent Maxillary Canine
- 3rd tooth from the midline
- Last of the anterior teeth
- Single root and cusp
- Longest root in the dentition
- Seizing/tearing food
- Incisal edge/ridge is replaced by a cusp tip and line margins (cusp ridges)
Appearance of Permanent Maxillary Canine
- FDI numbers: 13 and 23
- Morphologically and functionally share characteristics with both incisors and premolars
Development of Permanent Maxillary Canine
- First evidence of calcification: 4-5 months
- Crown complete by 6-7 years
- Eruption: 11-12 years
Canine Features
- Cusp tip replaces the incisal edge/ridge present in other anteriors
- Cusp tip lies in line with the long axis of the tooth
- Narrower mesiodistally than maxillary central incisors
Labial Aspect of Permanent Maxillary Canines
- Convex mesiodistally and cervicoincisally
- Mesioincisal line angle is shorter than the distal
- Made up of 4 lobes - 3 facial lobes and 1 lingual
- Midfacial lobe extension is most developed and forms a cusp tip
- Cusp tip occupies approximately 1/3 of crown height
- 2 shallow developmental grooves on the labial aspect are sometimes present
Palatal Aspect of Permanent Maxillary Canines
- Palatal lobe makes the cingulum, which is more developed than incisors - canines are wider labiopalatally
- If a well-developed lingual ridge is present, then mesial and distal lingual fossae are visible
- Palatal aspect may also be smooth
- Palatal aspect is smaller than the labial
Mesial and Distal Aspects of Permanent Maxillary Canines
- Wedge shaped
- Labial surface is more convex than the incisors from this view
- Contact surface towards the incisal 1/3 mesially and in the mid 1/3 distally
- Root appears conical from this view
Root of Permanent Maxillary Canines
- Long and robust root
- Root shape: triangular on a cross section - this helps to resist anterior, posterior, and lateral displacement forces
- Root is wider labially than palatally
- Root apex is generally blunt
- May have a palatal or distal inclination
Appearance of Permanent Mandibular Canines
- FDI numbers: 43 and 33
- Closely resembles the maxillary canine
- Crown is narrower than the maxillary canine but can be the same height
- The cusp occupies only 1/5 of the crown height
- Cusp is less pointed than the maxillary canine
Development of Permanent Mandibular Canines
- First sign of calcification: 4-5 months
- Crown complete by 6-7 years
- Generally erupt around 9-10 years
Root of Permanent Mandibular Canines
- The root is as long as in the maxillary canine (may even be longer)
- Root is oval in cross section and shows distinct developmental depressions on mesial and distal surfaces
- Can be quite pointed at the apex
- Lower canine may present with a bifurcation at the apical 1/3 of the root
Labial Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Canines
- Mesioincisal line angle is shorter than the distal
- Pronounced labial ridge
- Crown may be slightly longer and more symmetrical than the maxillary
- Cusp tip not as developed as in maxillary canine's crown
Lingual Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Canines
- Lingual features are less pronounced than in the maxillary canine
- Less developed cingulum and thinner marginal ridges
- No lingual pits present
- Lingual fossae are less developed
Mesial Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Canines
- Wedge shaped and a pointed cusp
- Cusp tip is on the long axis of the tooth
- Cervical line curves towards the incisal
- Contact area is towards the mesioincisal angle
Distal Aspect of Permanent Mandibular Canines
- The whole surface is more curved than the mesial
- Cervical line shows less curvature toward the cusp tip
- Contact area towards the incisal 1/3
Spectrum of Tooth Colored Filling Materials (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Composite resin: most versatile and widely used esthetic material
- Compomer: combines features of composite and GIC
- GIC: offers fluoride release and chemical bonding to tooth structure
- Resin-modified GIC: improved strength and wear resistance compared to conventional GIC
- ORMOCER: an alternative to traditional composites, offering specific advantages and disadvantages
GIC Setting (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Powder: contains fluoroaluminosilicate glass, pigments, and fillers
- Liquid: composed of polyacrylic acid, HEMA, photoinitiators, and other additives
Tartaric Acid in GIC (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Improves working time and reduces setting time
- Contributes to better homogeneity in the cement mix, leading to improved mechanical properties
- Interacts with polyacrylic acid and glass particles, promoting release of calcium (Ca) and aluminum (Al) ions
Maleic Acid and Itaconic Acid in GIC (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Enhance the adhesive properties of the GIC by increasing the number of carboxylic acid groups available for bonding to the tooth surface
- Help create a denser cross-linked network within the cement matrix, leading to improved compressive, tensile, and flexural strength
- Influence setting characteristics of the cement, aiding in the release of fluoride and calcium
GIC Bonding to Tooth Structure (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- GIC can bond to dentine and enamel
- Bonding to calcium apatite via ionic bonds
- Bonding to collagen via hydrogen bonds
- Surface cleaning and conditioning, especially with 10-20% polyacrylic acid, is necessary for long-term bonding, particularly to dentine
- Tensile strength of bonding is low compared to resin bonding agents
- Conditioner is recommended for placing GIC in long-term cavities
- 10% Polyacrylic acid solution is applied for 20 seconds to modify smear layer
Moisture Sensitivity of GIC (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Aluminum ions may leach out due to contact with saliva, leading to poor strength
- Contamination with saliva or blood results in poor aesthetics, strength, and bonding
- Drying retards the setting reaction
- Careful isolation and application of a protective cover (varnish, GIC coat, or light-activated bonding agents) is recommended for 24 hours
- Higher powder/liquid ratio reduces setting time and increases strength
Problems with GIC (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Erratic dispensing
- High solubility
- Poor aesthetics
- Low strength and toughness
- Moisture sensitive
- Poor wear resistance
Clinical Indications of GIC (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Class I and II restorations in low-stress areas
- Lining under composite restorations
- Sealants
- Core build ups in non-load bearing situations
- Pulp capping materials
- Tooth bonding applications
- Fluoride release
Advantages and Disadvantages of GIC (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Advantages: fluoride release, biocompatibility, chemical adhesion to tooth structure, thermal expansion similar to tooth structure
- Disadvantages: moisture sensitivity, poor wear resistance, high solubility, poor aesthetics compared to composites, lower strength
Resin-Modified GIC (Dr Touraj, L1: GIC)
- Powder: radiopaque fluoroaluminosilicate glass, pigments
- Liquid: polyacrylic acid, HEMA, photoinitiators
- Advantages: improved strength and wear resistance compared to conventional GIC
- Disadvantages: lower fluoride release compared to conventional GIC, slightly more expensive
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Description
This quiz covers the appearance, development, and characteristics of permanent maxillary central incisors. Learn about their physical features, calcification timeline, and the detailed aspects of their shape and structure. Test your understanding of these key dental elements.
