Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the name of the pathway that regulates T cell deletion by apoptotic cell death?
What is the name of the pathway that regulates T cell deletion by apoptotic cell death?
- Inflammatory pathway
- Mitochondrial pathway (correct)
- Extrinsic pathway
- Apoptotic pathway
Which protein family is involved in initiating the mitochondrial pathway of T cell deletion?
Which protein family is involved in initiating the mitochondrial pathway of T cell deletion?
- BCL-2 family proteins (correct)
- Tyrosine kinase receptors
- G protein-coupled receptors
- ATP-binding cassette transporters
What happens when BAX and BAK insert into the outer mitochondrial membrane during T cell deletion?
What happens when BAX and BAK insert into the outer mitochondrial membrane during T cell deletion?
- Reduction in cytochrome c leakage
- Decreased mitochondrial permeability
- Increased mitochondrial permeability (correct)
- Activation of anti-apoptotic proteins
Which event leads to the activation of cytosolic enzymes called caspases during T cell deletion?
Which event leads to the activation of cytosolic enzymes called caspases during T cell deletion?
What type of signaling can induce or activate cytoplasmic proteins of the BCL-2 family during T cell deletion?
What type of signaling can induce or activate cytoplasmic proteins of the BCL-2 family during T cell deletion?
What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms discussed in the text?
What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms discussed in the text?
Which cell type is responsible for actively suppressing the activation of lymphocytes specific for self and other antigens in peripheral tolerance?
Which cell type is responsible for actively suppressing the activation of lymphocytes specific for self and other antigens in peripheral tolerance?
What is deletion or negative selection in the context of central T cell tolerance?
What is deletion or negative selection in the context of central T cell tolerance?
In central T cell tolerance, where does negative selection of thymocytes primarily occur?
In central T cell tolerance, where does negative selection of thymocytes primarily occur?
Which protein plays a crucial role in controlling autoimmune diseases by regulating peripheral tissue antigens in the thymus?
Which protein plays a crucial role in controlling autoimmune diseases by regulating peripheral tissue antigens in the thymus?
What characterizes autoimmune diseases that are under the control of autoimmune regulator protein (AIRE)?
What characterizes autoimmune diseases that are under the control of autoimmune regulator protein (AIRE)?
What is the principal function of regulatory T cells?
What is the principal function of regulatory T cells?
Which transcription factor is expressed by CD4+ FOXP3+ CD25high T cells?
Which transcription factor is expressed by CD4+ FOXP3+ CD25high T cells?
How are the majority of Tregs in lymphoid tissues derived?
How are the majority of Tregs in lymphoid tissues derived?
What is required for the generation of some Tregs?
What is required for the generation of some Tregs?
What are the two major pathways of apoptosis?
What are the two major pathways of apoptosis?
What happens to T lymphocytes that repeatedly stimulated by antigens?
What happens to T lymphocytes that repeatedly stimulated by antigens?
Which pathway involves the activation of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins and procaspase-8?
Which pathway involves the activation of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins and procaspase-8?
Which receptor-ligand pair is most important in inducing apoptosis in T cells?
Which receptor-ligand pair is most important in inducing apoptosis in T cells?
Where does central B-cell tolerance mainly occur?
Where does central B-cell tolerance mainly occur?
What is the fate of mature B lymphocytes recognizing self antigens in peripheral tissues without T cell help?
What is the fate of mature B lymphocytes recognizing self antigens in peripheral tissues without T cell help?
What mechanism renders some B lymphocytes anergic or leads to their apoptosis when recognizing self antigens?
What mechanism renders some B lymphocytes anergic or leads to their apoptosis when recognizing self antigens?
Which type of T lymphocytes function to control responses to self antigens in peripheral tissues?
Which type of T lymphocytes function to control responses to self antigens in peripheral tissues?
What happens to some immature T cells in the thymus when they encounter self antigens?
What happens to some immature T cells in the thymus when they encounter self antigens?
In CD4+ T cells, what induces anergy?
In CD4+ T cells, what induces anergy?
"Receptor editing" may occur in B lymphocytes when:
"Receptor editing" may occur in B lymphocytes when:
"Peripheral tolerance" in B cells may involve each EXCEPT:
"Peripheral tolerance" in B cells may involve each EXCEPT:
What mechanism causes mature CD4+ T cells to become unresponsive to an antigen?
What mechanism causes mature CD4+ T cells to become unresponsive to an antigen?
Which signal is required for full activation of T cells?
Which signal is required for full activation of T cells?
What occurs in anergic cells that blocks TCR-induced signal transduction?
What occurs in anergic cells that blocks TCR-induced signal transduction?
What happens when T cells recognize self antigens in the absence of innate immune responses?
What happens when T cells recognize self antigens in the absence of innate immune responses?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that may function to induce and maintain the anergic state?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that may function to induce and maintain the anergic state?
What is the result of self antigen recognition without costimulation?
What is the result of self antigen recognition without costimulation?
What initiates the mitochondrial pathway of T cell deletion by apoptotic cell death?
What initiates the mitochondrial pathway of T cell deletion by apoptotic cell death?
Which proteins lead to increased mitochondrial permeability during T cell deletion?
Which proteins lead to increased mitochondrial permeability during T cell deletion?
What factor is crucial for the generation, survival, and functional competence of Regulatory T cells?
What factor is crucial for the generation, survival, and functional competence of Regulatory T cells?
What activates cytosolic enzymes called caspases during T cell deletion?
What activates cytosolic enzymes called caspases during T cell deletion?
What results from the insertion of BAX and BAK into the outer mitochondrial membrane during T cell deletion?
What results from the insertion of BAX and BAK into the outer mitochondrial membrane during T cell deletion?
Which pathway of apoptosis is triggered by T lymphocytes recognizing antigens with high affinity or self?
Which pathway of apoptosis is triggered by T lymphocytes recognizing antigens with high affinity or self?
What is the primary function of Regulatory T cells?
What is the primary function of Regulatory T cells?
What type of stimuli can induce or activate cytoplasmic proteins of the BCL-2 family during T cell deletion?
What type of stimuli can induce or activate cytoplasmic proteins of the BCL-2 family during T cell deletion?
Which transcription factor is expressed by CD4+ FOXP3+ CD25high T cells?
Which transcription factor is expressed by CD4+ FOXP3+ CD25high T cells?
What cytokine is crucial for the survival and functional competence of Regulatory T cells?
What cytokine is crucial for the survival and functional competence of Regulatory T cells?
In which tissues are the majority of Regulatory T cells thought to be derived from?
In which tissues are the majority of Regulatory T cells thought to be derived from?
What is the most important death receptor in T cells involved in apoptosis induction?
What is the most important death receptor in T cells involved in apoptosis induction?
Which cell surface receptors are engaged by their ligands in the extrinsic pathway of T cell deletion?
Which cell surface receptors are engaged by their ligands in the extrinsic pathway of T cell deletion?
What is a homologous ligand to TNF in the context of T cell deletion?
What is a homologous ligand to TNF in the context of T cell deletion?
Which mechanism may render mature B lymphocytes recognizing self antigens in peripheral tissues unresponsive?
Which mechanism may render mature B lymphocytes recognizing self antigens in peripheral tissues unresponsive?
What is the primary outcome when immature B lymphocytes recognize self antigens with high affinity in the bone marrow?
What is the primary outcome when immature B lymphocytes recognize self antigens with high affinity in the bone marrow?
What process occurs when T cells encounter self antigens without additional stimuli or repetitive stimulation?
What process occurs when T cells encounter self antigens without additional stimuli or repetitive stimulation?
Which type of tolerance is induced in generative lymphoid organs when immature lymphocytes encounter self antigens?
Which type of tolerance is induced in generative lymphoid organs when immature lymphocytes encounter self antigens?
What occurs when mature B lymphocytes recognize self antigens in the absence of specific helper T cells?
What occurs when mature B lymphocytes recognize self antigens in the absence of specific helper T cells?
Which event leads to the activation of downstream caspases during apoptosis induction in T cells?
Which event leads to the activation of downstream caspases during apoptosis induction in T cells?
How are CD4+ T cells rendered anergic in the context of antigen recognition?
How are CD4+ T cells rendered anergic in the context of antigen recognition?
What is the primary effect of anergy on self-reactive T cells?
What is the primary effect of anergy on self-reactive T cells?
What is required for full activation of T cells?
What is required for full activation of T cells?
What happens when T cells recognize self antigens in the absence of innate immune responses?
What happens when T cells recognize self antigens in the absence of innate immune responses?
What is NOT a mechanism that may function to induce and maintain the anergic state?
What is NOT a mechanism that may function to induce and maintain the anergic state?
Which cells are primarily responsible for actively suppressing the activation of lymphocytes specific for self and other antigens in peripheral tolerance?
Which cells are primarily responsible for actively suppressing the activation of lymphocytes specific for self and other antigens in peripheral tolerance?
What happens to TCR-associated proteins when self antigen recognition occurs without costimulation?
What happens to TCR-associated proteins when self antigen recognition occurs without costimulation?
What is the term for the unresponsiveness to an antigen that is induced by exposure to that antigen?
What is the term for the unresponsiveness to an antigen that is induced by exposure to that antigen?
What are the antigens that induce tolerance called?
What are the antigens that induce tolerance called?
What is the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to foreign antigens but not to self antigens called?
What is the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to foreign antigens but not to self antigens called?
What is the term for the phenomenon where some developing T and B cells in every individual may express receptors capable of recognizing normal molecules in that individual?
What is the term for the phenomenon where some developing T and B cells in every individual may express receptors capable of recognizing normal molecules in that individual?
What is the term for the process of eliminating and inactivating lymphocytes that express high-affinity receptors for self antigens?
What is the term for the process of eliminating and inactivating lymphocytes that express high-affinity receptors for self antigens?
What is the term for the phenomenon where many self-reactive lymphocytes complete their maturation and are present in healthy individuals?
What is the term for the phenomenon where many self-reactive lymphocytes complete their maturation and are present in healthy individuals?
What is the term for the process of inducing self-tolerance in immature self-reactive lymphocytes in the generative lymphoid organs?
What is the term for the process of inducing self-tolerance in immature self-reactive lymphocytes in the generative lymphoid organs?
What is the term for the process of inducing self-tolerance in lymphocytes in peripheral or mature sites?
What is the term for the process of inducing self-tolerance in lymphocytes in peripheral or mature sites?
What is the term for the property of the normal immune system that prevents reactions to self antigens?
What is the term for the property of the normal immune system that prevents reactions to self antigens?
What is the term for the experimental observation that animals that had encountered an antigen under particular conditions would not respond to subsequent exposures to the same antigen?
What is the term for the experimental observation that animals that had encountered an antigen under particular conditions would not respond to subsequent exposures to the same antigen?
Flashcards
Mitochondrial Pathway (T Cell Apoptosis)
Mitochondrial Pathway (T Cell Apoptosis)
A pathway that regulates programmed cell death in T cells recognizing self antigens.
BCL-2 Family Proteins
BCL-2 Family Proteins
A protein family that plays a crucial role in initiating the mitochondrial pathway of T cell death. They can either promote or inhibit apoptosis.
Increased Mitochondrial Permeability
Increased Mitochondrial Permeability
The insertion of BAX and BAK proteins into the outer mitochondrial membrane, leading to increased mitochondrial permeability.
Cytochrome C Release
Cytochrome C Release
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Receptor-Mediated Signaling (T Cell Apoptosis)
Receptor-Mediated Signaling (T Cell Apoptosis)
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Peripheral Tolerance
Peripheral Tolerance
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Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)
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Deletion or Negative Selection (Central Tolerance)
Deletion or Negative Selection (Central Tolerance)
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Thymic Cortex
Thymic Cortex
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Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) Protein
Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) Protein
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Autoimmune Diseases (AIRE-controlled)
Autoimmune Diseases (AIRE-controlled)
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Regulatory T Cell Function
Regulatory T Cell Function
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FOXP3 (Transcription Factor)
FOXP3 (Transcription Factor)
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Treg Derivation (Lymphoid Tissues)
Treg Derivation (Lymphoid Tissues)
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TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta)
TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta)
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Apoptosis Pathways
Apoptosis Pathways
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T Lymphocyte Apoptosis (Stimulation)
T Lymphocyte Apoptosis (Stimulation)
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Extrinsic Pathway (Apoptosis)
Extrinsic Pathway (Apoptosis)
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FAS-FAS Ligand (FASL)
FAS-FAS Ligand (FASL)
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Bone Marrow (B Cell Tolerance)
Bone Marrow (B Cell Tolerance)
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B Cell Apoptosis (Peripheral Tissues)
B Cell Apoptosis (Peripheral Tissues)
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Anergy or Apoptosis (B Cells, Self Antigens)
Anergy or Apoptosis (B Cells, Self Antigens)
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T Follicular Regulatory (Tfr) Cells
T Follicular Regulatory (Tfr) Cells
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Negative Selection (T Cells)
Negative Selection (T Cells)
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Anergy (CD4+ T Cells)
Anergy (CD4+ T Cells)
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Receptor Editing (B Cells)
Receptor Editing (B Cells)
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Peripheral Tolerance (B Cells)
Peripheral Tolerance (B Cells)
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T Cell Anergy
T Cell Anergy
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Full T Cell Activation
Full T Cell Activation
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Blockage of TCR-Induced Signal Transduction
Blockage of TCR-Induced Signal Transduction
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