Immunotolerance
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Questions and Answers

What does immunotolerance mean?

  • The activation of immune responses to all encountered antigens
  • A state of non-reactivity to an antigen after prior exposure (correct)
  • The immediate destruction of foreign antigens by immune cells
  • Permanent immunity tot all pathogens after initial exposure

Which of the following differentiates central and peripheral tolerance?

  • Central tolerance occurs in lymph nodes, while peripheral tolerance occurs in spleen
  • Central tolerance involves mature cells, while peripheral tolerance involves immature cells
  • Central tolerance eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes in primary organs, whereas peripheral tolerance regulates lymphocytes in tissues (correct)
  • Both central and peripheral tolerance occur exclusively in the thymus

What is the role of positive selection in the thymus?

  • To ensure that only T-cells that recognize self antigens survive
  • To ensure that T cells that recognize self-MHC molecules survive (correct)
  • To eliminate self-reactive T cells
  • To generate antibodies against self antigens

Why is negative selection critical for immune function?

<p>It ensures the elimination of T cells that might react against self antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the AIRE protein in the thymus?

<p>It regulates peripheral tissue antigens, aiding in T cell self-tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the induction of tolerance differ between T cells and B cells?

<p>T cell tolerance includes Treg formation; B cell tolerance includes receptor editing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of regulatory T (Treg) cells?

<p>They suppress self-reactive immune responses to prevent autoimmunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines are essential for the survival and function of Treg cells?

<p>IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which other organs/systems play a role in modulation immune responses?

<p>The endocrine and nervous systems, by balancing immune activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism contributes to peripheral T cell tolerance by rendering T cells functionally unresponsive?

<p>Anergy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition typically leads to T cell anergy in peripheral tolerance?

<p>Recognition of self-antigens in the absence of costimulation or innate immune signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to peripheral tolerance?

<p>By suppressing immune responses through the release of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytokine is crucial for the survival and functional maintenance of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?

<p>IL-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 play in T cell regulation?

<p>CTLA-4 blocks the B7 molecule on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), reducing activation signals for T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligands interact with the PD-1 inhibitory receptor to down regulate T cell response?

<p>PD-L1 and PD-L2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of PD-1 interaction with its ligands on T cells?

<p>Inhibition of T cell signaling and reduced immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS1)?

<p>A mutation or failure of the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic outcome of APS1 due to defective AIRE protein activity?

<p>Autoimmune attacks on multiple endocrine organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In APS1, why are multiple endocrine organs affected?

<p>The failure of AIRE limits the presentation of peripheral antigens, leading to self-reactive T cells escaping tolerance mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Immunotolerance definition

A state where the immune system doesn't react to a specific antigen.

Central vs. Peripheral Tolerance

Central tolerance happens in the primary organs (thymus and bone marrow), while peripheral tolerance happens in the tissues.

Positive selection's role

T cells recognizing self-MHC survive in the thymus.

Negative selection's role

Eliminates T cells that attack self-antigens.

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AIRE protein's function

Presents peripheral tissue antigens in the thymus to teach T cells tolerance.

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T cell vs. B cell tolerance induction

T cell tolerance includes Treg formation while B cell tolerance includes receptor editing.

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Regulatory T (Treg) cell function

Suppresses immune responses to prevent self-attack.

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Key cytokines for Tregs

IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β are essential for Treg survival and function.

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Peripheral organs in immune modulation

Endocrine and nervous systems help control immune response.

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T cell anergy

T cells become unresponsive due to lack of co-stimulation in peripheral tolerance.

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Anergy cause

Self-antigens without co-stimulation or innate signals.

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Treg cell's peripheral tolerance role

Suppresses immune responses through cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β).

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IL-2's role for Tregs

Essential for survival and function of regulatory T cells.

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CTLA-4's role in T-cell regulation

Blocks activation signals for T cells by interacting with B7.

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PD-1 ligands

PD-L1 and PD-L2 interact with PD-1 to down-regulate T cell response.

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PD-1 interaction outcome

Inhibits T cell signaling, reduces immune response.

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APS1 cause

Mutation in the AIRE gene.

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APS1 outcome

Autoimmune attacks on multiple endocrine glands.

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Multiple endocrine APS1 issues

AIRE failure prevents presentation of peripheral tissue antigens to T cells. Thus, self-reactive T cells escape unchecked.

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