Peripheral Nervous System Overview
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Peripheral Nervous System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which cervical nerves are primarily responsible for innervating the diaphragm?

  • C3, C4, and C5 (correct)
  • C1, C2, and C3
  • C5, C6, and C7
  • C4, C5, and C6

    • In the context of the brachial plexus, which of the following nerves specifically innervate the muscles responsible for shoulder abduction?

  • Ulna nerve
  • Radial nerve
  • Medial nerve
  • Axillary nerve (correct)

    • What is the primary function of motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

  • Facilitate voluntary movements (correct)
  • Process cognitive functions
  • Transmit sensory information
  • Regulate autonomic responses

    • Which neurological assessment technique is most effective in evaluating sensory function?

    <p>Sensory mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of afferent nerves within the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Transmit signals from sensory receptors to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterization is used for the sympathetic nervous system's activation during stress?

    <p>Prepares the body for fight or flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the body primarily receives sensory innervation from the lumbar nerves?

    <p>Lower back and legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common method to assess motor function in a neurological examination?

    <p>Manual muscle testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ansa cervicalis in relation to the infrahyoid muscles?

    <p>Innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical nerve supplies sensation to the anterior neck region?

    <p>Transverse cervical nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the brachial plexus primarily originate from?

    <p>C5 to T1 spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sensory nerves from motor nerves in the cervical plexus?

    <p>Sensory nerves provide sensation to skin while motor nerves control muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when assessing the function of the cervical nerves during neurological evaluation?

    <p>Correct injection techniques must be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plexus is primarily responsible for supplying the muscles of the neck and diaphragm?

    <p>Cervical plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the phrenic nerve?

    <p>Motor innervation for the diaphragm's contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical nerves are there in total?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plexus provides nerve connections to the upper arms and hands?

    <p>Brachial plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

    <p>They are located more superficially than motor branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the spinal cord contributes to the creation of the phrenic nerve?

    <p>C3-C5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area does the lumbar plexus primarily innervate?

    <p>Thighs and knees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary difference between motor and sensory nerves in the cervical plexus?

    <p>Motor nerves supply muscles, while sensory nerves provide sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is crucial for maintaining proper breathing through diaphragm control?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sacral plexus innervate?

    <p>Thighs, calves, and genitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does injury to thoracic nerves T1-T5 generally have on the body?

    <p>Compromise of abdominal and lower back functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the function of T6-T12 thoracic nerves?

    <p>They assist with balance and posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thoracic nerves are responsible for transmitting sensation to the medial side of the arm?

    <p>T2-T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the subcostal nerve (T12) play in the human body?

    <p>Sensory supply to the lower abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thoracic spinal nerves influence the control of the rib cage and diaphragm?

    <p>T1-T5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When thoracic nerves weaken with aging, what specific bodily functions are primarily affected?

    <p>Muscle strength leading to neurological issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be the consequence of an injury to thoracic nerves T6-T12?

    <p>Reduced or no bowel and bladder control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures do the medial branches of the upper 6 thoracic nerves pierce to reach the skin?

    <p>Rhomboid and trapezius muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant function of the lumbar plexus?

    <p>Innervation of the lower limbs and abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for innervating the skin on the upper middle thigh?

    <p>Genitofemoral Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor function is NOT associated with the Femoral Nerve?

    <p>Innervates the gracilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sensory function of the Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh?

    <p>Innervates the anterior thigh down to the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves comprise the sacral plexus?

    <p>Superior and Inferior Gluteal Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve does NOT provide any motor function?

    <p>Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensory area does the Sacral plexus primarily supply?

    <p>Hip and thigh region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor function is associated with the Sciatic Nerve?

    <p>Innervates the hamstring component of adductor magnus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the skin over the anterior scrotum in males?

    <p>Genitofemoral Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves innervates the gluteus maximus?

    <p>Inferior Gluteal Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Ilioinguinal Nerve NOT innervate?

    <p>Gluteus medius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • The PNS conducts impulses to and from the CNS
    • Contains both motor and sensory neurons
    • Contains 31 pairs of nerves with connection to the spinal cord:
      • 8 Cervical
      • 12 thoracic
      • 5 Lumber
      • 5 Sacral

    Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

    • Voluntary (somatic) - The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves.
      • Examples: picking up a cup
    • Involuntary (autonomic) - This system is divided into:
      • Sympathetic nervous system – Fight or Flight
        • Prepares body for emergencies
        • Shunts blood to muscles
        • Increases blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate
      • Parasympathetic nervous system – Rest & Digest
        • Maintains and restores energy
        • Directs blood to the digestive tract
        • Maintains blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate at a low level

    The Plexuses

    • Groups of nerves
    • Cervical plexus provides nerve connections to the head, neck, and shoulder
    • Brachial plexus provides connections to the chest, shoulders, upper arms, forearms, and hands
    • Lumbar plexus provides connections to the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves
    • Sacral plexus provides connections to the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet

    Cervical Nerves

    • 7 Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) BUT 8 Cervical nerves (C1-C8)
    • C8 – emerges below C7 vertebrae
    • Cervical Plexus (C1-C4)
      • 2 groups: Muscular and sensory

    Cervical Plexus (C1-C4) - Motor branches

    • Located deeper than sensory branches
    • Supply muscle of neck, back, and diaphragm
      • Phrenic nerve
        • Arises from C3-C5
        • Motor innervation for the diaphragm
        • Contracts/relaxes diaphragm
        • “C3 4 5, keeps you alive”

    Cervical Plexus (C1-C4) - Sensory branches

    • Enter skin at the posterior boarder of the sternocleidomastoid (Erb’s point)
    • Supply the skin of the neck, upper thorax, scalp, and ear

    Greater Auricular nerve (C2,C3)

    • Sensation to external ear
    • Sensation over parotid gland

    Transverse Cervical nerve (C2.C3)

    • Sensation to anterior neck

    Lessor Occipital nerve (C2)

    • Sensation to posterosuperior scalp

    Supraclavicular nerves (C3,C4)

    • Sensation over supraclavicular fossa
    • Sensation upper thoracic region and sternoclavicular joint

    Thoracic Nerves

    • 12 spinal nerves – emerge from Thoracic vertebrea (T1-T12)
    • Branches go direct to paravertebral ganglia of the ANS
    • Anterior division:
      • Intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
        • T2 and T3 – branch to intercostobrachial nerve
      • Subcostal nerve (T12)
    • Posterior division
      • Medial branches (Upper 6 thoracic nerves)
        • Pierce the rhomboid and trapezious muscle to reach the skin
        • Called medial cutaneous ramus

    Function of Thoracic nerves

    • T1-T5
      • Affect: muscles of upper chest, mid-back and abdomen
      • Function: Control rib cage, lungs, diaphragm
        • Higher ones- allow chest to expand
    • T6-T12
      • Affect: Abdominal and back muscles
      • Function: assist with balance, posture, help with coughing and expel F/B from airways
        • Lower and focuses on posture, balance

    Injury to Thoracic nerves

    • Injury T1-T5 – usually affects, abdominal, lower back and legs
      • If injured can get: Paraplegia
      • Hands and arm function usually normal
    • Injury T6-T12 – usually results in paraplegia
      • Little or no control to bowel and bladder

    Lumbar Nerves

    • 5 Spinal nerves (L1-L5)
    • Lumbar plexus

    Lumbar Plexus

    • Iliohypogastric Nerve (L1, with contribution from T12)
      • Motor Functions: Innervates the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
      • Sensory Functions: Innervates the posterolateral gluteal skin in the pubic region.
    • Ilioinguinal Nerve (L1)
      • Motor Functions: Innervates the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
      • Sensory Functions: Innervates the skin on the upper middle thigh. In males, it also supplies the skin over the root of the penis and anterior scrotum. In females, it supplies the skin over mons pubis and labia majora.
    • Genitofemoral Nerve (L1, L2)
      • Motor Functions: The genital branch innervates the cremasteric muscle
      • Sensory Functions: The genital branch innervates the skin of the anterior scrotum (in males) or the skin over mons pubis and labia majora (in females). The femoral branch innervates the skin on the upper anterior thigh.
    • Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh (L2, L3)
      • Motor Functions: None
      • Sensory Functions: Innervates the anterior and lateral thigh down to the level of the knee.
    • Obturator Nerve (L2, L3, L4)
      • Motor Functions: Innervates the muscles: obturator externus, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis.
      • Sensory Functions: Innervates the skin over the medial thigh.
    • Femoral Nerve (L2, L3, L4)
      • Motor Functions: Innervates the muscles: Illiacus, pectineus, sartorius, all the muscles of quadriceps femoris.
      • Sensory Functions: Innervates the skin on the anterior thigh and the medial leg.

    Sacral Nerves

    • 5 pairs of nerves
    • Begining at cuada equina – descending into sacrum
    • Sacral plexus and lumbosacral plexus
      • Supply much of Hip, thigh, leg and foot
      • Efferent and afferent fibres
      • Sensory perception and movements of lower body

    Sacral plexus

    • Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4, L5, S1)
      • Motor Functions: Innervates the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata
      • Sensory Functions: None.
    • Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5.S1, S2)
      • Motor Functions: Innervates gluteus maximus
      • Sensory Functions: None
    • Sciatic Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)
      • Motor Functions:
        • Tibial portion – Innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh (apart from the short head of the biceps femoris), and the hamstring component of adductor magnus
      • Sensory Functions:
        • Tibial portion - Innervates the skin over the posterior surface of the leg and foot, as well as the skin of the sole.
        • Common peroneal portion - Innervates the skin over the lateral portion of the leg and foot, as well as the skin of the dorsal aspect of the foot

    Brachial plexus (C5-T1)

    • Network supplies skin and musculature of upper limb
    • Begins in the neck, passes through axilla to the upper extremities
    • Divided into 5 parts:
      • Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches

    Brachial Plexus: Roots

    • Each pair leave the spinal cord via intervertebral foramina
    • Each pair divides into posterior and anterior ramus
    • Posterior innervate the skin and muscle of the back

    Brachial Plexus: Trunks

    • At the base of the neck the roots converge to form 3 trunks
      • Superior trunk – C5 and C6 roots
      • Middle trunk – C7 roots
      • Inferior trunk – C8 and T1 roots
    • Within the posterior triangle of the neck, each trunk divides into 2 branches
      • 1 anteriorly, 1 posteriorly
      • Each passes through the axilla

    Brachial Plexus: Cords

    • Once in the axilla, they recombine to make 3 cords
      • Named due to their position to the axillary artery
    • The lateral cord is formed by:
      • The anterior division of the superior trunk
      • The anterior division of the middle trunk
    • The posterior cord is formed by:
      • The posterior division of the superior trunk
      • The posterior division of the middle trunk
      • The posterior division of the inferior trunk
    • The medial cord is formed by:
      • The anterior division of the inferior trunk.

    C2 and C3 Innovate:

    • Sternohyoid muscle
    • Sternothyroid muscle
    • Omohyoid muscle (Via Ansa Cervicallis)

    Ansa Cervicallis

    • Loop of nerves
    • Part of the cervical plexus

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    Neuroanatomy Peripheral Nervous System PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) in this quiz. Learn about the divisions between voluntary and involuntary actions, and discover the different types of nerves and plexuses involved in these processes. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the PNS!

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