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Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels during physical activity?
What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels during physical activity?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the anatomical origin of sympathetic preganglionic fibers?
Which of the following accurately describes the anatomical origin of sympathetic preganglionic fibers?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What type of receptors does acetylcholine primarily act upon in sweat glands?
What type of receptors does acetylcholine primarily act upon in sweat glands?
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What role does the amygdala play in the response to stress?
What role does the amygdala play in the response to stress?
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Which physiological response does the sympathetic nervous system NOT initiate during a stress event?
Which physiological response does the sympathetic nervous system NOT initiate during a stress event?
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Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?
Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?
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How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for a 'fight or flight' response?
How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for a 'fight or flight' response?
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What are the effects of chronic stress on the endocrine system?
What are the effects of chronic stress on the endocrine system?
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Which structure is responsible for sending motor commands to skeletal muscles and the spinal cord?
Which structure is responsible for sending motor commands to skeletal muscles and the spinal cord?
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What role does the cerebellum play in movement control?
What role does the cerebellum play in movement control?
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Which system's control centers include the hypothalamus and medulla?
Which system's control centers include the hypothalamus and medulla?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in reflex actions independent of higher brain functions?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in reflex actions independent of higher brain functions?
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Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
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Which type of receptor is specifically sensitive to temperature changes?
Which type of receptor is specifically sensitive to temperature changes?
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What is the primary role of the Peripheral Nervous System?
What is the primary role of the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Which type of simple receptor is capable of detecting pain?
Which type of simple receptor is capable of detecting pain?
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What type of receptors respond to the distortion of membranes?
What type of receptors respond to the distortion of membranes?
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Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of simple receptor?
Which of the following is NOT a type of simple receptor?
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Which receptor type would primarily respond to the pressure of fluid against a vessel wall?
Which receptor type would primarily respond to the pressure of fluid against a vessel wall?
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In the context of spatial awareness, which receptors provide information about body position?
In the context of spatial awareness, which receptors provide information about body position?
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What is the primary function of the corticospinal tract?
What is the primary function of the corticospinal tract?
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How many neurons are involved in the sensory path for touch and pressure?
How many neurons are involved in the sensory path for touch and pressure?
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What happens to the axon of the pyramidal cell in the motor path?
What happens to the axon of the pyramidal cell in the motor path?
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Which sensory pathway is responsible for conveying pain?
Which sensory pathway is responsible for conveying pain?
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In the sensory path for touch and pressure, where does the second neuron synapse?
In the sensory path for touch and pressure, where does the second neuron synapse?
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What is the primary role of the dorsal columns in the sensory system?
What is the primary role of the dorsal columns in the sensory system?
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Which area in the spinal cord does the second neuron of the motor path synapse?
Which area in the spinal cord does the second neuron of the motor path synapse?
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What type of sensory receptors are primarily involved in proprioception?
What type of sensory receptors are primarily involved in proprioception?
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Which muscarinic receptor primarily facilitates smooth muscle contraction and increases gastrointestinal motility?
Which muscarinic receptor primarily facilitates smooth muscle contraction and increases gastrointestinal motility?
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What is the primary effect of Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on blood flow?
What is the primary effect of Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on blood flow?
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Which adrenergic receptor subtype is primarily involved in decreasing insulin release?
Which adrenergic receptor subtype is primarily involved in decreasing insulin release?
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Which of the following effects is associated with M2 muscarinic receptors?
Which of the following effects is associated with M2 muscarinic receptors?
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What effect do Beta 2 adrenergic receptors have on the respiratory system?
What effect do Beta 2 adrenergic receptors have on the respiratory system?
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What physiological response is NOT associated with M3 muscarinic receptors?
What physiological response is NOT associated with M3 muscarinic receptors?
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Which response do Beta 1 adrenergic receptors NOT influence?
Which response do Beta 1 adrenergic receptors NOT influence?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?
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Study Notes
Peripheral Nervous System Overview
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of nerves and ganglia that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
- It has two main functional divisions: afferent and efferent.
- The afferent division carries sensory information from receptors to the CNS.
- The efferent division carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).
- The efferent division is further divided into somatic and autonomic systems.
Receptors
- Receptors detect stimuli and convert them into electrical signals.
- They can be simple (like a dendrite ending) or complex (like the eye or ear).
- Mechanoreceptors respond to pressure or distortion.
- Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals.
- Thermoreceptors detect temperature.
- Nociceptors detect pain.
Nerves and Plexuses
- Nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS.
- Axons are wrapped in layers of connective tissue for structure and support (epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium).
- Plexuses are networks of intersecting nerves. These ensure multiple pathways for nerve signals, making them more resilient to injury.
The Dermatome
- Dermatomes are specific areas of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.
- They can be used clinically to assess spinal nerve function.
Subdivisions of PNS
- The afferent division carries sensory info to the CNS.
- The efferent division carries motor commands from the CNS.
- Somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic system controls involuntary smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands.
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Systems
- Somatic system uses one neuron to get from CNS to muscle.
- Autonomic system has two neurons in the pathway (preganglionic and postganglionic).
Ascending and Descending Spinal Tracts
- Spinal tracts are bundles of axons that carry information up and down the spinal cord.
- Ascending tracts carry sensory information.
- Descending tracts carry motor signals.
Motor Path for Precise Voluntary Skeletal Muscle Control
- This includes the cerebral cortex (primary motor), brain stem, and spinal cord.
- Spinal cord tracts carry signals, including the corticospinal tract, which is responsible for precise voluntary muscle control.
Brain Function
- Brain function relies on complex networks of connections.
- Information processing and movement coordination involve collaboration between different brain areas.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic system has two divisions:
- Sympathetic: fight or flight response (releases norepinephrine), short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers, located in thoracic and lumbar regions, and has widespread effects.
- Parasympathetic: rest-and-digest response (releases acetylcholine). Long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers, dominates the vagus nerve, and response is localized.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Summary
- Both divisions are important for maintaining homeostasis.
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses often have opposing effects on the same organ, enabling the body to adapt to changing conditions.
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Description
This quiz explores the peripheral nervous system (PNS), its functional divisions, and the various types of receptors. You'll learn about the afferent and efferent divisions and how nerves and plexuses function within the PNS. Test your knowledge on this crucial aspect of human physiology.
