Peripheral Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which spinal nerve plexus originates from the ventral rami L1 to L4?

  • Brachial Plexus
  • Lumbar Plexus (correct)
  • Sacral Plexus
  • Cervical Plexus

    • What is a potential consequence of damage to the Femoral nerve?

  • Inability to extend the leg and flex the hip (correct)
  • Inability to adduct the thigh
  • Loss of wrist movement
  • Loss of sensation in the lower back

    • Which body area is served by the Obturator nerve?

  • Skin of the anteromedial leg
  • Lateral thigh muscles
  • Adductor muscles of the medial thigh (correct)
  • Muscles of the abdominal wall

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the Femoral nerve?

    <p>Adducting the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a patient experience if the Obturator nerve is damaged?

    <p>Inability to adduct the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mixed nerves?

    <p>To carry both sensory and motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue sheath surrounds individual neuron fibers?

    <p>Endoneurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sensory (afferent) nerves function within the nervous system?

    <p>They carry impulses toward the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue layer binds groups of fascicles in a nerve?

    <p>Epineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of cranial nerves?

    <p>They manage sensory and motor functions primarily in the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does perineurium play in nerve structure?

    <p>It binds groups of neuron fibers into a fascicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of cranial nerves extend to thoracic and abdominal cavities?

    <p>Vagus nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the sympathetic division on adipose tissue?

    <p>Stimulates fat breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sympathetic division affect blood vessels in the skin and viscera?

    <p>Constricts blood vessels in viscera and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a parasympathetic effect on the digestive system?

    <p>Increases smooth muscle mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the sympathetic division have on cellular metabolism?

    <p>Increases metabolic rate and blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the arrector pili muscles?

    <p>Stimulates to produce goose bumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?

    <p>Acting as the metabolic center of the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is responsible for conducting impulses towards the cell body?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the synaptic cleft in neuronal communication?

    <p>The gap between axon terminals and the next neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Forming myelin sheaths around axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do myelin sheaths affect nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>They accelerate impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?

    <p>They lack a neurilemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of axon terminals?

    <p>To transmit impulses to another neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>To serve as communication lines between the brain, spinal cord, and effector organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in a neuron helps maintain the cell's shape?

    <p>Neurofibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nervous system division carries information to the central nervous system?

    <p>Sensory (afferent) division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of the motor (efferent) division controls voluntary movements?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neurons from supporting cells (neuroglia)?

    <p>Neurons conduct nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of visceral sensory (afferent) fibers?

    <p>To carry information from visceral organs to the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of neuroglia in the CNS?

    <p>Insulating and protecting neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    <p>Motor (efferent) division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the supporting cells called neuroglia?

    <p>They resemble neurons but never conduct impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • The PNS consists of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord, serving as communication channels between sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and muscles/glands.
    • Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.
    • Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain.

    Sensory (Afferent) Division

    • This division carries information to the central nervous system.
    • Somatic sensory (afferent) fibers transmit signals from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.
    • Visceral sensory (afferent) fibers convey information from internal organs.

    Motor (Efferent) Division

    • This division carries impulses away from the central nervous system to effector organs (muscles and glands).
    • Somatic Nervous System:
      • Controls skeletal muscles voluntarily.
    • Autonomic Nervous System:
      • Controls smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands involuntarily.
      • Further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

    Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

    • Support cells in the CNS are collectively called neuroglia.
    • These cells provide support, insulation, and protection for neurons.

    Nervous Tissue: Neurons

    • The basic functional unit of the nervous system.
    • Neurons are specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses.
    • Cell Body: The metabolic center of the neuron, containing the nucleus and other organelles.
    • Processes (Fibers):
      • Dendrites: Receive impulses and carry them towards the cell body.
      • Axons: Carry impulses away from the cell body.
      • Axon Terminals: Contain neurotransmitters, released at synapses.
    • Synaptic Cleft: The gap between axon terminals and the next neuron.
    • Synapse: The functional junction between neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted.

    Myelin Sheaths

    • Myelin is a white, fatty material that covers axons, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
    • Schwann Cells: Produce myelin sheaths in the PNS.
      • Neurilemma: The outer layer of the Schwann cell.
      • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon.
    • Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS, lacking a neurilemma.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

    Structure of a Nerve

    • Nerves are bundles of neuron fibers found outside the CNS, with protective connective tissue coverings.
      • Endoneurium: Surrounds each individual fiber.
      • Perineurium: Wraps groups of fibers bound into a fascicle.
      • Epineurium: Binds groups of fascicles together.
    • Mixed Nerves: Contain both sensory and motor fibers.
    • Sensory (Afferent) Nerves: Carry impulses toward the CNS.
    • Motor (Efferent) Nerves: Carry impulses away from the CNS.

    Cranial Nerves

    • There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves primarily serving the head and neck, with the vagus nerves extending into the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

    Spinal Nerve Plexuses

    • Spinal nerves form networks called plexuses, which serve specific regions of the body.
    • Groups of spinal nerves can be damaged, affecting specific areas of the body.
    • Cervical Plexus (C1-C5)
      • Innervates the neck, shoulders, and diaphragm.
    • Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
      • Innervates the upper limbs.
    • Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4):
      • Innervates the lower abdomen, anterior and medial thigh muscles, and skin of the anteromedial leg and thigh.
    • Sacral Plexus (L4-S5)
      • Innervates the buttocks, posterior thigh, and lower leg muscles.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions, including heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
    • Sympathetic Division:
      • Prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses.
      • Increases heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.
      • Dilates pupils.
      • Decreases digestive activity.
    • Parasympathetic Division:
      • Promotes "rest and digest" responses.
      • Decreases heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.
      • Constricts pupils.
      • Increases digestive activity.

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    Description

    Dive into the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) with this quiz focused on its structure and function. Explore the roles of spinal and cranial nerves, understand the sensory and motor divisions, and learn about voluntary and involuntary control of muscles and glands. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology!

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