42 Questions
Define mood and describe its duration and characteristic.
Mood is an enduring feeling or disposition to respond emotionally that may last for hours, days, or weeks, without the person knowing what prompted the state.
Differentiate between mood, affect, and emotions.
Mood is an enduring feeling, affect encompasses a broad range of feelings including mood and emotions, while emotions are intense, short-term feelings typically directed at a source.
What are the key features of a major depressive episode?
A major depressive episode is characterized by an extremely depressed mood state lasting at least 2 weeks, cognitive symptoms like feelings of worthlessness, indecisiveness, and disturbed physical functions like altered sleeping patterns, changes in appetite, or loss of energy.
Describe the emotional aspect of mood disorders.
Emotions in mood disorders are intense feelings that are short-term and typically directed at a source, accompanied by indicative facial expressions and body language.
Explain the loss of interest and pleasure in life during a major depressive episode.
During a major depressive episode, individuals experience a loss of interest in things and an inability to derive pleasure from life.
What cognitive symptoms are associated with a major depressive episode?
Cognitive symptoms of a major depressive episode include feelings of worthlessness and indecisiveness.
What is the hallmark feature of a manic episode?
Increased activity or energy level
How long does a manic episode typically last?
1 week
What are some common behaviors exhibited during a manic episode?
Poor judgment, argumentative, rapid speech, distractibility, excessive tasks, decreased need for sleep, delusions, hallucinations, reckless behavior.
Describe the duration of a hypomanic episode.
4 days
What distinguishes a unipolar mood disorder?
Diagnosis made on individuals who experience either depression or mania because their mood remains at one 'pole' of the usual depression-mania continuum.
What characterizes a bipolar mood disorder?
Alternating between depression and mania.
What are mixed features in the context of mood disorders?
Experiencing manic symptoms while feeling somewhat depressed or anxious, or being depressed with few symptoms of mania.
Define the term 'recurrent' in the context of depressive disorders.
If 2 or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed.
What are some examples of psychotic features present in depressive disorders?
Hallucinations and delusions.
What is the anxious distress specifier in depressive and bipolar disorders?
Presence and severity of accompanying anxiety, which can include comorbid anxiety disorders or anxiety symptoms that do not meet all criteria for disorders.
What is the meaning of 'cyclothymic disorder' in Greek?
circle spirit
How long should mild mood swings last to be considered as cyclothymic disorder?
at least 2 years
At what age does cyclothymic disorder typically begin?
late adolescence or early adulthood
How do the mood swings in cyclothymic disorder compare to bipolar disorder?
not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of bipolar disorder
What is the most common type of bipolar disorder?
cyclothymic disorder
What are the features of cyclothymic disorder?
numerous episodes of hypomanic symptoms and periods of mild depressive symptoms
What is the term used to describe the period just before and just after the birth of a child?
Peripartum
What specifier applies to recurrent major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders, indicating episodes that occur during certain seasons?
Seasonal Pattern Specifier
What form of disorder is characterized by irritability in children and difficulty getting along at home?
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
What is the term for the more severe form of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) that involves significant psychological symptoms?
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
What is the rapid decline in reproductive hormones that occurs after delivery referred to as?
Rapid decline in reproductive hormones
What type of disorder involves major depressive episodes along with persistent depression with fewer symptoms?
Double Depression
What might trigger depression in individuals experiencing Seasonal Affective Disorder?
Increased production of melatonin
What treatment involves patients being exposed to bright light for 2 hours immediately upon awakening?
Phototherapy
What is the term used to describe the period of time when a woman experiences a major depressive episode within 4 weeks of delivery?
Postpartum Depression
What is the term used to describe mild or nagging depression that lasts at least 2 years?
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
What is agoraphobia and who is more likely to develop it?
Agoraphobia is the fear of places and situations from which it may be difficult to escape, and women are more likely to develop it.
What are nocturnal panic attacks and how do they differ from sleep terrors?
Nocturnal panic attacks occur during the deepest stage of sleep and individuals wake up remembering the event. Sleep terrors, on the other hand, happen during the sleepwalking stage, with children having no memory of the event in the morning.
What is isolated sleep paralysis and what causes it?
Isolated sleep paralysis occurs during the transition between sleep and waking, where individuals are unable to move and experience terror resembling a panic attack. It is caused by REM sleep spilling over into the waking cycle.
Describe specific phobia and its impact on individuals.
Specific phobia is an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that significantly interferes with an individual's ability to function. It leads to high levels of fear and physiological arousal when encountering the phobic object.
What is blood-injection-injury phobia and how does it manifest?
Blood-injection-injury phobia involves a fear of blood, injury, or injections that can lead to a drop in blood pressure and a tendency to faint. It runs strongly in families and causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
What characterizes situational phobia and how does it differ from claustrophobia?
Situational phobia is characterized by fear of public transportation or enclosed spaces, while claustrophobia specifically involves fear of small, enclosed places. Individuals with situational phobia do not experience panic attacks outside of their phobic context.
How do panic attacks during delta wave sleep differ from sleep apnea?
Panic attacks during delta wave sleep occur during the deepest stage of sleep and individuals wake up remembering the event. Sleep apnea, on the other hand, involves interruptions in breathing during sleep, which may feel like suffocation.
Explain the onset of blood-injection-injury phobia and its familial association.
Blood-injection-injury phobia typically has an onset around 9 years of age and runs strongly in families. People with this phobia inherit a strong vasovagal response to blood, injury, or injections.
Discuss the impact of specific phobia on an individual's lifestyle.
Specific phobia significantly affects an individual's lifestyle by causing distress, fear, and physiological arousal when encountering the phobic stimuli. It may lead to avoidance behaviors and interference with daily functioning.
Differentiate between isolated sleep paralysis and sleep terrors.
Isolated sleep paralysis occurs during the transition between sleep and waking, where individuals are unable to move and experience terror resembling a panic attack. Sleep terrors, on the other hand, occur during the sleepwalking stage, with children having no memory of the event in the morning.
Test your knowledge on the symptoms and characteristics of peripartum depression, a type of depression that occurs during pregnancy or after childbirth. Learn about how peripartum depression can lead to weight gain, diabetes, and increased risk of suicide attempts.
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