Perioperative Nursing Phases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the preoperative phase in nursing?

  • Managing postoperative complications
  • Monitoring the patient in PACU
  • Assessing the surgical site post-surgery
  • Preparing the patient for surgery (correct)

Which type of surgery is performed to relieve pain or alleviate distressing symptoms?

  • Palliative surgery (correct)
  • Ablative surgery
  • Curative surgery
  • Constructive surgery

What distinguishes major surgery from minor surgery?

  • Involves treatment of less severe conditions
  • Usually performed under local anesthesia
  • Can be done on an outpatient basis
  • Has a high degree of risk to the client (correct)

What type of surgery is an exploratory laparotomy classified as?

<p>Diagnostic surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which category of surgical procedures is appendectomy classified?

<p>Curative surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the characteristic of minor surgery?

<p>Generally not prolonged and often outpatient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines urgent surgery in terms of timing?

<p>Should be performed within 24-48 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surgery is intended to estimate the extent of a disease?

<p>Exploratory surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of incentive spirometry before surgery?

<p>To improve lung expansion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exercises is NOT recommended for patients after certain surgeries?

<p>Extreme leg stretches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is splinting necessary when coughing postoperatively?

<p>To minimize abdominal pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be provided to the patient before surgery to help ensure rest?

<p>A back rub (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a patient be NPO (nothing by mouth) before surgery?

<p>After midnight the night before surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to minimize postoperative gas pains?

<p>Performing extremity exercises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following which type of surgery are coughing exercises contraindicated?

<p>Intracranial surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific skin preparation is recommended on the night before surgery?

<p>Shaving against the grain of the hair shaft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of preadmission testing?

<p>To verify completion of preoperative diagnostic testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase includes the time from patient transfer to the operating room until admission to postanesthesia care unit (PACU)?

<p>Intraoperative phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assessments is NOT typically included in a preoperative assessment?

<p>Current medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surgery would be classified as optional?

<p>Plastic surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of taking anticoagulants before surgery?

<p>Increased bleeding during surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a gerontologic consideration during the preoperative period?

<p>Increased risk of postoperative complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication type is known to potentiate the effects of narcotics?

<p>Tranquilizers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is an example of elective surgery?

<p>Cataract extraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is considered when assessing a patient's fluid status preoperatively?

<p>Water intake and hydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of the preoperative assessment?

<p>Postoperative pain management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be included in informed consent documentation?

<p>Explanation of procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is considered incompetent to give consent?

<p>A cognitively impaired individual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appropriate preoperative nursing intervention?

<p>Providing psychosocial support to reduce anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a requirement for valid voluntary consent?

<p>The patient being at least 21 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal in withholding food before surgery?

<p>To prevent aspiration during anesthesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure should be a part of patient teaching before surgery?

<p>Instructions for postoperative mobility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is NOT typically included in immediate preoperative nursing care?

<p>Preparing the patient for discharge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about consent is accurate?

<p>The patient can withdraw consent at any time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering pre-operative medications?

<p>To allay anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is administered to lower the patient's anxiety level prior to surgery?

<p>Tranquilizers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended time frame for administering pre-operative sedatives before anesthesia induction?

<p>60-90 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked regarding food intake before surgery?

<p>Patient has not taken food for the last 10 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of an overdose of sedative medication?

<p>Respiratory depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions should be completed during early morning care before surgery?

<p>Remove nail polish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is Atropine sulfate classified as?

<p>Vagolytic agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important task that should be performed just before the patient goes to the operating room?

<p>Ensure the patient voids immediately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Preoperative Phase

The time period beginning from the decision to have surgery to when the patient enters the operating room.

Intraoperative Phase

The timeframe during which the patient is in the operating room, starting from arrival and ending with transfer to the recovery room.

Postoperative Phase

The time period commencing with the patient's arrival in the recovery room and continuing until follow-up checkups, either at the hospital or at home.

Diagnostic Surgery

Surgical procedures performed to confirm a suspected diagnosis, often involving a biopsy.

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Exploratory Surgery

Surgical interventions carried out to assess the extent of a disease, often involving exploration of a body cavity or area.

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Curative Surgery

Surgical procedures aimed at removing or repairing damaged organs or tissues to cure a disease.

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Ablative Surgery

Removal of diseased organs or tissues, often to alleviate symptoms or prevent further complications.

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Reconstructive Surgery

Procedures focused on restoring damaged organs or tissues to their original function, for example, plastic surgery.

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Constructive Surgery

Procedures addressing congenital birth defects, aiming to repair them and improve the patient's health.

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Palliative Surgery

Surgical procedures designed to alleviate pain and distressing symptoms without a focus on a cure.

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Major Surgery

Surgical procedures identified by their level of risk and complexity, often involving prolonged operations, extensive blood loss, or vital organs.

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Minor Surgery

Surgical procedures deemed as less risky, frequently performed on an outpatient basis, with lower complication rates.

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Emergency Surgery

Surgical procedures requiring immediate attention, often due to life-threatening conditions.

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Urgent Surgery

Surgical procedures needing to be done within 24 to 48 hours, usually to prevent significant deterioration in the patient's health.

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Required Surgery

Surgeries considered necessary within weeks to months to maintain the patient's overall health.

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Elective Surgery

Surgeries not immediately necessary, but beneficial to the patient's health and well-being.

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Optional Surgery

Surgeries requested by the patient, often for cosmetic or personal reasons.

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Preoperative Assessment

The process of thoroughly assessing a patient's physical and mental state before surgery, covering various aspects.

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Nutritional and Fluid Status Assessment

The nutritional status, fluid balance, and overall eating habits of the patient are evaluated.

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Dentition Assessment

The condition of the patient's teeth and gums is assessed, as it can influence pain management and recovery.

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Substance Use Assessment

The patient's history of drug and alcohol use is considered, as it could impact anesthesia and recovery.

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Organ Function Assessment

The patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal function are evaluated to identify potential risks and complications.

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Endocrine and Immune Function Assessment

The patient's endocrine and immune system function is assessed to identify any underlying conditions or sensitivities.

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Previous Medication Use Assessment

The patient's history of medications used regularly is important to manage potential drug interactions and complications.

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Psychosocial, Spiritual, and Cultural Factors Assessment

The patient's psychological, spiritual, and cultural beliefs are identified to provide appropriate support and care.

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Demographic Considerations in Preoperative Care

Tailoring care to meet the unique needs of patients based on their age, weight, disabilities, mobility, and reason for surgery.

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Medications Affecting Surgery

Certain medications may interact with anesthesia and increase bleeding risks, which needs to be considered.

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Informed Consent

A legal document outlining the procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, ensuring the patient understands the surgery.

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Voluntary Consent

Giving consent freely, without coercion, usually by individuals 18 years or older, and witnessed by a healthcare professional.

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Incompetent Patients

Patients who cannot legally consent due to mental, neurological, or cognitive impairments, requiring a legal representative to make decisions.

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Patient Teaching

Providing education to patients about deep breathing, coughing, mobility, pain management, and cognitive coping strategies post-surgery.

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General Preoperative Nursing Interventions

Focus on providing psychological support to alleviate anxiety and fear, ensuring safety protocols, managing nutritional needs, and preparing the bowel and skin.

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Immediate Preoperative Nursing Interventions

Administering preanesthetic medications to reduce anxiety, secretions, and anesthesia dosage, while maintaining accurate records, and addressing family needs.

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Postoperative Complications Prevention Instructions

Instructions on diaphragmatic breathing, coughing, leg exercises, turning positions, and ambulation to prevent postoperative complications.

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Respiratory Preparation

Using incentive spirometry to encourage deep breaths and improve lung function, preventing complications like lung collapse.

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Day of Operation Protocol

The final steps before surgery, including checking vital signs, gowning the patient, removing personal items, and confirming the NPO status.

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Pre-Operative Medications

Medications administered 60-90 minutes before anesthesia induction to reduce anxiety, secretions, and anesthesia dosage.

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Recording and Checklist

Recording the patient's final preparations and emotional responses before surgery to ensure comprehensive care.

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Study Notes

Perioperative Nursing Phases

  • Preoperative Phase: Timeframe from surgery decision to patient transfer into the operating room.
  • Intraoperative Phase: Span from patient transfer into the operating room to admission in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).
  • Postoperative Phase: Period from PACU admission to follow-up evaluation either in clinical settings or at home.

Classifications of Surgery

  • Categories of Surgical Procedures:

    • According to Purpose:
      • Diagnostic: Confirm suspected diagnosis (e.g., biopsy).
      • Exploratory: Assess disease extent (e.g., exploratory laparotomy).
      • Curative: Remove or repair damaged organs or tissues.

  • Types of Curative Surgery:

    • Ablative: Removal of diseased organs (e.g., appendectomy, hysterectomy).
    • Reconstructive: Restoration of damaged organs (e.g., plastic surgery).
    • Constructive: Repair congenital defects.
    • Palliative: Alleviate pain and distressing symptoms.

  • According to Degree of Risk:

    • Major Surgery: High risk, prolonged operation, potential extensive blood loss, vital organs involved.
    • Minor Surgery: Lower risk, typically outpatient with fewer complications.

  • According to Urgency:

    • Emergency: Immediate surgery required.
    • Urgent: Needs to be done within 24–48 hours.
    • Required: Necessary within weeks to months for patient health.
    • Elective: Not immediately necessary, but beneficial to patient.
    • Optional: Patient-requested, e.g., plastic surgery.

Preoperative Assessment

  • Involves assessing:
    • Nutritional and fluid status
    • Dentition
    • Substance use (drugs/alcohol)
    • Respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal function.
    • Endocrine and immune function
    • Previous medication use
    • Psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural factors.

Special Considerations

  • Demographics: Tailor care for elderly, obese, disabled, ambulatory, and emergency surgery patients.

Medications Affecting Surgery

  • Corticosteroids, Anticoagulants, Diuretics, Antiseizure medications, Phenothiazines, Tranquilizers, Thyroid Hormone, Insulin, and Opioids may influence surgical outcomes.
  • Regular medications can impact the surgical experience regarding anesthesia reaction and bleeding risks.

  • Requires:

    • Written explanation of procedure, risks, benefits, alternatives.
    • Opportunity for questions.
    • Instructions on withdrawal of consent.
    • Awareness of variations from customary procedures.

  • Voluntary Consent: Must be freely given, by individuals 18+ years old, witnessed by a professional.

  • Incompetent Patients: Those unable to consent due to cognitive, mental, or neurological impairments.

Patient Teaching

  • Important topics include:
    • Deep breathing, coughing techniques, incentive spirometry
    • Mobility and movement strategies
    • Pain management techniques
    • Cognitive coping strategies.

General Preoperative Nursing Interventions

  • Focus on:
    • Psychological support to reduce anxiety and fear.
    • Safety protocols.
    • Nutritional management and bowel/skin preparation.

Immediate Preoperative Nursing Interventions

  • Administer preanesthetic medications and maintain surgical records while addressing family needs.

Postoperative Complications Prevention Instructions

  • Diaphragmatic breathing, coughing, leg exercises, turning positions, and ambulation.

Physiological Preparation

  • Respiratory Preparation: Use incentive spirometry to prevent atelectasis and improve lung function.

Night Before Surgery Preparation

  • Ensure skin is shaved, NPO status, possible enemas or tube insertion.
  • Promote rest through a comfortable environment and possible sleep aids.

Day of Operation Protocol

  • Preoperative care includes recording vital signs, gowning, personal items removal, and confirming NPO status.

Pre-Operative Medications

  • Administered 60-90 min before anesthesia induction to reduce anxiety, secretions, and anesthesia dosage.
  • Types include sedatives (e.g., Phenobarbital), tranquilizers (e.g., Thorazine), narcotics (e.g., Morphine), and vagolytics (e.g., Atropine).

Recording and Checklist

  • Final preparations and patient emotional responses should be noted before surgery to ensure comprehensive care.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the three critical phases of perioperative nursing: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. This quiz will help you understand the key responsibilities and processes involved in each phase, enhancing your nursing skills and patient care. Prepare to deepen your understanding of the surgical patient journey.

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