Periodontal Pathogen Virulence Factors

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of periodontal infection?

Sterile oral cavity colonization

Invasive oral pathogens in dental plaque biofilms (correct)

Establishment of mature gut microbiota

Presence of anaerobic bacteria in the infant's mouth

When does colonization of the sterile oral cavity typically occur?

After weaning (>2 years)

During the first month after birth

Within hours after birth (correct)

At the time of birth

What is the composition of the human microbial flora after weaning?

Complex collection of more than 400 different types of bacteria

Collection of approximately 10^14 microorganisms

Nearly mature microbiota in the gut (correct)

Presence of anaerobic bacteria in the infant's mouth

How does the bacterial population in a normal, healthy human being compare to human cells?

1.3 to 10 times more bacteria than human cells Signup and view all the answers

What covers the surface of subgingival calculus, making its removal difficult?

Nonmineralized layer of plaque Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiologic significance of the rough calculus surface according to the text?

It acts as an irritant to the periodontal tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the positive correlation mentioned in the text regarding periodontal disease?

Correlation between plaque and gingivitis Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main etiologic factor in the development of periodontal disease?

Subgingival plaque Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calculus in maintaining and accentuating periodontal disease based on the text?

Provides a fixed nidus for plaque accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What does the incidence of calculus, gingivitis, and periodontal disease increase with according to the text?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the cornerstone of periodontal therapy according to the text?

Removal of subgingival plaque and calculus Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is more closely related to periodontal conditions in young persons according to the text?

Plaque accumulation Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is known for its capacity to invade soft tissues?

P. gingivalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the proteolytic enzyme produced by T. forsythia?

Protease Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are important bridging organisms between primary and secondary colonizers during colonization?

Fusobacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis postulates that periodontal disease results from the elaboration of noxious products by the entire plaque flora?

Non-specific plaque hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What may lead to a shift in the microbial population in plaque, resulting in a chronic disease state like periodontitis?

High gingival crevicular fluid flow Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is a nonmotile, gram-negative obligate anaerobe that contributes to periodontal disease?

T. forsythia Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for pathogenicity according to the specific plaque hypothesis?

Composition of specific plaque Signup and view all the answers

What does P. gingivalis use to adhere to hard intraoral surfaces and oral mucosae?

Fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms produces proteolytic enzymes that can destroy immunoglobulins and complement factors?

Fusobacteria and T. forsythia Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the shift from gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria during disease progression?

Proteolytic enzymes produced by T. denticola Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not involved in the development of periodontitis?

Viral factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the first and most dominant oral microbe to colonize the oral cavity of newborn infants?

Streptococcus salivarius Signup and view all the answers

What type of microbial populations are different from free-living microorganisms and often up to 1000 times more resistant to antimicrobial agents than their planktonic counterparts?

Sessile microbial populations in biofilms Signup and view all the answers

What is the resilient, yellow-grayish substance that adheres tenaciously to intraoral hard surfaces and is composed of microbial cells encased within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances?

Oral biofilms Signup and view all the answers

What predominantly consists of calcium and phosphorus, with trace amounts of other minerals in the intercellular matrix of biofilms?

Inorganic constituents Signup and view all the answers

What periodontopathogens find their preferred habitat in deeper periodontal pockets due to the local availability of blood products and a low reduction–oxidation potential?

Aggregobacter actinomycetemcomitans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following members colonize the subgingival sulcus first and predominate in gingival health?

Yellow, green, and purple complexes Signup and view all the answers

What favors further proliferation by not only the orange and red complexes, but probably members of the early colonizing species as well?

Gingivitis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacterial adherence is crucial for the induction of infectious diseases such as gingivitis or periodontitis?

Adherence to host cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary constituents of the organic intercellular matrix of biofilms?

Polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, and lipid material Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria predominantly exist at the tooth surface in the development of a polymicrobial biofilm?

Gram-positive cocci and short rods Signup and view all the answers

What are members of the orange and red complexes predominant in, leading to a change in habitat and clinical manifestation as gingivitis?

Members of the orange and red complexes become more dominant, leading to a change in habitat and clinical manifestation as gingivitis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of periodontal tissue destruction?

Inflammatory reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not listed as a primary etiologic factor of periodontal tissue destruction?

Normal flora Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to progressing the periodontal disease if the initial infection is not contained?

Macrophages and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a risk factor contributing to periodontal disease?

Normal flora Signup and view all the answers

What leads to systemic exposure in periodontitis?

Bacterial penetration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of mineralization for supragingival calculus?

Saliva Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major inorganic proportion of calculus?

Calcium carbonate Signup and view all the answers

'Calculus becomes fully mineralized in how many days?' Which of the following is the correct answer?

$15$ days Signup and view all the answers

'Calculus, a mineralized form of dental plaque, is primarily composed of?' Which of the following is the correct answer?

$70-90%$ inorganic components and $10-30%$ organic components Signup and view all the answers

'Four modes of attachment of calculus to tooth surfaces make removal difficult.' Which of the following is not one of these modes?

Penetration of calculus bacteria into cementum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Periodontal tissue destruction can be caused by the presence of pathogenic bacteria and risk factors leading to an inflammatory reaction.
Primary etiologic factors include inflammatory reaction, proteolytic enzymes, and collagenases released by bacteria, neutrophils, MMP, cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), and fibroblasts, monocytes, and epithelial cells.
If initial infection is not contained, macrophages and neutrophils play a role in progressing the disease, leading to loss of clinical attachment, pocketing, bone loss, and inflammation.
Poor oral hygiene, normal flora, exogenous infection, and risk factors like genetic traits, diabetes, and smoking contribute to periodontal disease.
Monocyte lymphocyte axis and bacterial penetration lead to systemic exposure.
Periodontitis involves a cascade of events, including calculus formation, pocketing, bone resorption, and mobility recession, leading to loss of tooth structure.
Calculus, a mineralized form of dental plaque, is primarily composed of inorganic components (70-90%), with major inorganic proportions being calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium phosphate.
Calcification of plaque occurs within 4 to 8 hours and becomes fully mineralized in 12 days, with saliva being the primary source of mineralization for supragingival calculus and gingival crevicular fluid for subgingival calculus.
Four modes of attachment of calculus to tooth surfaces make removal difficult: attachment on organic pellicle on enamel, mechanical locking into surface irregularities, close adaptation to tooth surface depressions, and penetration of calculus bacteria into cementum.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens with this quiz. Identify the key factors that contribute to the aggressive nature of these pathogens and their ability to cause damage to oral tissues.