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Questions and Answers
What does electronegativity specifically describe?
What does electronegativity specifically describe?
- An atom's ability to gain protons
- An atom's ability to attract and bind with electrons (correct)
- An atom's size compared to others
- An atom's melting point
Which scale is most commonly used to quantify electronegativity?
Which scale is most commonly used to quantify electronegativity?
- Davenport scale
- Pauling scale (correct)
- Bauer scale
- Mendeleev scale
Why do elements on the left side of the periodic table generally lose electrons when forming bonds?
Why do elements on the left side of the periodic table generally lose electrons when forming bonds?
- They have less than a half-full valence shell (correct)
- They require less energy to keep their electrons
- They possess high electronegativity values
- They have a fully occupied valence shell
What quantitative characteristic of electronegativity is indicated by the Pauling scale?
What quantitative characteristic of electronegativity is indicated by the Pauling scale?
Which of the following is a major periodic trend observed in the periodic table?
Which of the following is a major periodic trend observed in the periodic table?
What trend occurs in electronegativity as you move from left to right across a period?
What trend occurs in electronegativity as you move from left to right across a period?
How does the atomic radius affect electronegativity as you move down a group?
How does the atomic radius affect electronegativity as you move down a group?
Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?
Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?
Which statement accurately describes the valence shell's electron configuration in relation to ionization energy?
Which statement accurately describes the valence shell's electron configuration in relation to ionization energy?
What is true regarding noble gases and electronegativity?
What is true regarding noble gases and electronegativity?
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Study Notes
Periodic Trends
- Periodic trends reflect the consistent patterns found in the periodic table, illustrating various properties of elements.
- Major periodic trends include electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radius, melting point, and metallic character.
- These trends help chemists to predict an element's properties based on its position in the periodic table.
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract and bind electrons.
- No standardized method exists for calculating electronegativity; the Pauling scale is the most common reference.
- Electronegativity values are dimensionless and can be found on specific periodic tables.
- Atoms typically follow the octet rule, aiming for eight electrons in their valence shell for stability.
- Elements on the left side of the periodic table tend to lose electrons because gaining a sufficient number is energetically unfavorable.
- Conversely, elements on the right side more readily gain electrons to fill their valence shells.
- Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period and decreases from top to bottom within a group due to increasing atomic radius.
- Exceptions to these trends include noble gases, lanthanides, and actinides, which generally lack electronegativity values.
- Fluorine is the most electronegative element, with a value of 3.98 on the Pauling scale.
Ionization Energy
- Ionization energy represents the energy needed to remove an electron from a neutral gas-phase atom.
- It is conceptually the opposite of electronegativity; lower ionization energy means easier electron removal, leading to cation formation.
- As the atomic number increases down a group, ionization energy generally decreases due to increased atomic radius and electron shielding effects.
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