Periodic Table & Inorganic Compounds Week 13

Course Information

• Course: Periodic Table of Elements and Pharmaceutical Inorganic Compounds
• University: Our Lady of Fatima University
• College: College of Pharmacy
• Course Code: PCQA111
• Week: 13

Unit Outcomes

• Students will demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry of metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Unit Outline

• Elements
• Properties
• Identification Tests
• Compounds and their uses

Checklist

• Read learning references before discussion.
• Research the meaning of relevant terminologies.
• Participate in board discussions.

Group VI-A (The Chromium Subgroup)

• This section focuses on the characteristics of elements in Group VI-A (Chalcogens).

Group V-A Elements (Properties)

• Characterized by an outer s²p³ electron configuration.
• Sharing of 3 or 5 outer electrons results in 3+ and 5+ oxidation states.
• Some elements, except bismuth, can also exhibit a 3- oxidation state.
• Bismuth doesn't readily accept electrons.

Group V-A Hydrides

• The elements in this group form hydrides with hydrogen.
• Examples include: PH₃, AsH₃, NH₃, SbH₃, and BiH₃

Group V-A Elements (List)

• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Arsenic (As)
• Antimony (Sb)
• Bismuth (Bi)

Nitrogen (Properties and Uses)

• Often called "Azote" or "Mephitic Air".
• Occurs freely in the atmosphere.
• A component of plant and animal tissue.
• Essential for nitrogen fixation in plants.
• Used in replacing atmospheric air in parenteral solutions.
• Inert due to triple bonds.
• Used as a refrigerant in liquid nitrogen.
• Forms various compounds like NO, NO₂, etc.

Phosphorus (Properties, Varieties and Uses)

• St. Elmo's Fire
• Light carrier (match)
• White/Yellow (poisonous)
• Red (non-poisonous)
• Use in matches preparation
• Forms allotropes (white, red, black phosphorus) that differ in structure and reactivity.

Allotropic Modifications of Phosphorus

• White phosphorus: Discrete tetrahedral P₄ molecules, very reactive, glows in the dark, and is soluble in CS₂ but insoluble in water.
• Red phosphorus: Polymeric structure consisting of chains of P₄ units, less reactive than white phosphorus, does not glow in the dark, and is insoluble in water and CS₂.
• Black phosphorus: Exists in α and β forms, very less reactive, has an opaque structure.

Physiological Buffer Components

• HCO₃⁻, H₂CO₃: Found in plasma and kidneys
• HPO₄²⁻, H₃PO₄: Found in cells and kidneys
• Hemoglobin (Hgb) and other essential compounds (CHON): RBC, most effective single system for buffering metabolic processes, H₂CO₃

Arsenic (Properties and Uses)

• Various oxidation states (As⁺³ and As⁺⁵).
• Toxic, protoplasmic poison.
• Component of Lewisite metal.
• Used in anti-syphilis treatment (Salvarsan, Arsphenamine, Compound 606).
• Used in the preparation of various insecticides.
• Used as an antileukemic agent.

Arsenic Sources and Compounds

• Arsenopyrite (Iron Arsenic Sulfide - FeAsS)
• Cu Acetoarsenate ("Paris Green")
• K Arsenite ("Fowler's Solution")
• Donovan's solution (red solution containing AsI₃ or HgI₂)

Arsenic Toxicity

• Causes pale nail bonds on finger nails.
• Binds to sulfhydryl groups (cysteine-rich in sulfhydryl).
• Antidote: BAL

Arsenic Identification Test (Gutzeit Test)

• A light brown spot appears in the filter paper moistened with silver nitrate when arsenic is present.

Arsenic Trioxide (Properties and Uses)

• Also known as "White Arsenic".
• Used as a tonic and antileukemic agent.
• Component of Paris green, Fowler's solution, and Donovan's solution.
• Standard for CeSO₄.

Antimony (Sources)

• Senarmontite (Antimony Trioxide)
• Valentinite (Antimony Oxide)
• Cervantite (Antimony Tetroxide)
• Antimony glance (Stibnite – "orange red sulfide")

Antimony (Pharmaceutical Uses)

• Expectorant
• Emetic
• Anthelmintic (treating parasitic worms)

Antimony Potassium Tartrate ("Tartar Emetic")

• Component of Brown's mixture
• Emetic
• Expectorant
• Treatment for schistosomiasis.

Babbitt Metal (Properties and Composition)

• Alloy of Antimony
• 80% Tin and 20% Antimony

Bismuth (Properties and Uses)

• "Beautiful Meadow"
• Use in silvering mirrors
• Pharmaceutical uses: astringent, antiseptic, and internal protective material
• Protoplasmic poison
• Adverse effects: blue-black lining of gums, black stools
• Antidote: BAL

Bismuth Compounds (Uses)

• Bismuth Subcarbonate: Antacid, antiseptic, and astringent.
• Bismuth Subgallate: Active ingredient in Devrom® (over-the-counter medicine), commonly used for treating odors by deodorizing flatulence and stools.
• Bismuth Subnitrate: Known as "white bismuth", incompatible with tragacanth (use NaHPO₄ as a remedy), commonly used in treating ulcers and GI inflammation.
• Milk of Bismuth ("Bismuth Cream"): Bi(OH)₃ + Bismuth Subcarbonate, internal protective for gastric ulcers, used for H. pylori

Identification Tests (Various)

• NH₄⁺: Nessler's reagent (alkaline K₂HgI₄) yields orange ppt of HgO.HgNH₂I, evolution of NH₃ by heating with strong alkali.
• CN⁻: AgNO₃ yields white ppt of AgCN insoluble in HNO₃, Hg₂(NO₃)₂ yields black ppt of metallic Hg.
• SCN⁻: FeCl₃ yields blood-red solution of Fe(SCN)²⁺
• Sb³⁺: H₂S yields orange ppt of Sb₂S₃, soluble in Na₂S.
• Al Metal: black ppt of metallic Sb, insoluble in NaOBr (sodium hypobromide reagent)
• Bi³⁺: H₂S yields brownish black ppt of Bi₂S₃ insoluble in Na₂S. Na₂SnO₂ yields black ppt of metallic Bi.

Identification Tests Table Data

• This section presents tables but due to the format limitation cannot be put in the requested document format

Pop Quiz Questions

• Give the 5 elements under group VA. - Give the characteristics of elements under group VB.
• Give identification tests for group VA elements.

Assessment

• Take Quiz # [Insert Missing Detail] with 20 questions and 20 minutes time limit.

References

• Qualitative Analysis by Esmarch S. Gilreath
• Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st Edition.

Supporting Videos

• [Link to Video]