Podcast
Questions and Answers
When did the Han Dynasty end?
When did the Han Dynasty end?
220 CE
What were the years of the Period of Disunity?
What were the years of the Period of Disunity?
220-581 CE
When was the Sui Dynasty established and by whom?
When was the Sui Dynasty established and by whom?
Established in 581 CE under Wendi
When did Wang Yangming's Neo-Confucian reformation take place?
When did Wang Yangming's Neo-Confucian reformation take place?
How long did the Period of Disunity last?
How long did the Period of Disunity last?
List some characteristics of the Period of Disunity.
List some characteristics of the Period of Disunity.
Who was Emperor Wendi?
Who was Emperor Wendi?
What were some major accomplishments of Yangdi?
What were some major accomplishments of Yangdi?
Describe Emperor Yangdi's military campaigns.
Describe Emperor Yangdi's military campaigns.
Describe the Grand Canal.
Describe the Grand Canal.
What was the purpose of the Civil Service Examination System?
What was the purpose of the Civil Service Examination System?
What were some key features of the Civil Service Examination?
What were some key features of the Civil Service Examination?
Describe the education process for the Civil Service Examination.
Describe the education process for the Civil Service Examination.
What was the success rate of the Civil Service Examination?
What was the success rate of the Civil Service Examination?
What did non-passing candidates of the Civil Service Examination often become?
What did non-passing candidates of the Civil Service Examination often become?
Who were the warlords?
Who were the warlords?
Who were the scholar-officials?
Who were the scholar-officials?
What is Neo-Confucianism?
What is Neo-Confucianism?
What was Changan?
What was Changan?
What is Champa rice?
What is Champa rice?
What is porcelain?
What is porcelain?
What is waterwheel irrigation?
What is waterwheel irrigation?
What is the Chang Jiang valley?
What is the Chang Jiang valley?
When did the Tang Dynasty begin?
When did the Tang Dynasty begin?
Describe the transportation network of Tang Dynasty
Describe the transportation network of Tang Dynasty
What was the impact of agricultural improvements during the Tang and Song dynasties?
What was the impact of agricultural improvements during the Tang and Song dynasties?
What was the significance of porcelain?
What was the significance of porcelain?
How did increased food production affect the empire?
How did increased food production affect the empire?
When did knowledge of Porcelain-making reach Europe?
When did knowledge of Porcelain-making reach Europe?
Who were the Mongols?
Who were the Mongols?
What are Yurts?
What are Yurts?
What are Steppes?
What are Steppes?
What was the age that Mongols started developing Horseback Riding skills?
What was the age that Mongols started developing Horseback Riding skills?
What was special about Mongol Archery?
What was special about Mongol Archery?
Who was Genghis Khan?
Who was Genghis Khan?
What was the distinction of the Mongol Empire?
What was the distinction of the Mongol Empire?
What was the result of Mongol control on Trade Routes?
What was the result of Mongol control on Trade Routes?
What was the level of Cultural Tolerance in the Mongol Empire?
What was the level of Cultural Tolerance in the Mongol Empire?
How did Mongols grow wealthy?
How did Mongols grow wealthy?
How did the Mongols come to know Gunpowder?
How did the Mongols come to know Gunpowder?
What was the Fire Lance?
What was the Fire Lance?
Where did Mongol Expansion advance to?
Where did Mongol Expansion advance to?
Describe the Mongol Empire Geography
Describe the Mongol Empire Geography
What was necessary for Mongol Nomadic Living Skills?
What was necessary for Mongol Nomadic Living Skills?
How did the Mongols view Conquered Cultures?
How did the Mongols view Conquered Cultures?
What physical boundary lay at the Southern end of the Mongol Empire?
What physical boundary lay at the Southern end of the Mongol Empire?
What was some Mongol Damage caused?
What was some Mongol Damage caused?
What Stability did Mongol rule bring?
What Stability did Mongol rule bring?
What religion did Mongols adopt in Southwest Asia?
What religion did Mongols adopt in Southwest Asia?
What was Persian Influence?
What was Persian Influence?
What was rapid about Mongol Conquests?
What was rapid about Mongol Conquests?
What was distinct about Mongol Horsemen?
What was distinct about Mongol Horsemen?
What were Mongol Military Tactics?
What were Mongol Military Tactics?
When did the Mongol Empire reach its peak?
When did the Mongol Empire reach its peak?
Who was Kublai Khan?
Who was Kublai Khan?
What was the Yuan Dynasty?
What was the Yuan Dynasty?
Who did Kublai Khan overthrow in 1279?
Who did Kublai Khan overthrow in 1279?
Describe Mongol Culture
Describe Mongol Culture
Were Civil Service Examinations used under the Yuan regime?
Were Civil Service Examinations used under the Yuan regime?
Who was Marco Polo?
Who was Marco Polo?
What happened with Trade Improvement under Mongolian rule?
What happened with Trade Improvement under Mongolian rule?
What was Quanzhou?
What was Quanzhou?
What was the Mongol relationship like involving Cultural Differences?
What was the Mongol relationship like involving Cultural Differences?
Were the Mongols successful in the Conquest of Japan?
Were the Mongols successful in the Conquest of Japan?
What did Mongol Leadership consist of?
What did Mongol Leadership consist of?
Why did Quanzhou decline?
Why did Quanzhou decline?
What kind of tactics did the Mongols use?
What kind of tactics did the Mongols use?
What were Marco Polo's Reactions?
What were Marco Polo's Reactions?
What were some effects of Mongol Rule?
What were some effects of Mongol Rule?
Did the Mongols implement Mongol Social Structure?
Did the Mongols implement Mongol Social Structure?
How long did Kublai Khan's Reign last?
How long did Kublai Khan's Reign last?
How long did the Yuan Dynasty Duration?
How long did the Yuan Dynasty Duration?
What was Mongol Governance like?
What was Mongol Governance like?
What kind of Analyzing is used for Mongol and Song governance?
What kind of Analyzing is used for Mongol and Song governance?
What Historical Debate is there about Marco Polo?
What Historical Debate is there about Marco Polo?
What kind of Trade Goods were there?
What kind of Trade Goods were there?
What kind of Distribution Center was Quanzhou?
What kind of Distribution Center was Quanzhou?
Why did Kublai Khan establish the Capital?
Why did Kublai Khan establish the Capital?
What kind of superiority did Chinese possess?
What kind of superiority did Chinese possess?
Who was Hong Wu?
Who was Hong Wu?
What was the Byzantine Empire?
What was the Byzantine Empire?
What was the Manifesto of Accession?
What was the Manifesto of Accession?
Who were the Jesuits?
Who were the Jesuits?
What were Confucian teachings?
What were Confucian teachings?
What kind of Central government was there during the Ming?
What kind of Central government was there during the Ming?
What kind of missionaries were there?
What kind of missionaries were there?
What was the result of increased tax?
What was the result of increased tax?
What were the dates of the Period of Disunity in China?
What were the dates of the Period of Disunity in China?
When was the Sui Dynasty established, and who was the emperor?
When was the Sui Dynasty established, and who was the emperor?
When did Wang Yangming's Neo-Confucian reformation occur?
When did Wang Yangming's Neo-Confucian reformation occur?
Describe the characteristics of the Period of Disunity in China.
Describe the characteristics of the Period of Disunity in China.
Who was Emperor Wendi and what did he do?
Who was Emperor Wendi and what did he do?
What were the major accomplishments of Emperor Yangdi?
What were the major accomplishments of Emperor Yangdi?
Describe the military campaigns of Emperor Yangdi.
Describe the military campaigns of Emperor Yangdi.
Describe the Education Process for Civil Service Examination Candidates
Describe the Education Process for Civil Service Examination Candidates
What did Non-passing candidates of the Civil Service Examination do?
What did Non-passing candidates of the Civil Service Examination do?
When did the Tang Dynasty begin and what was it known for?
When did the Tang Dynasty begin and what was it known for?
What was the Significance of porcelain produced during the Tang and Song Dynasties?
What was the Significance of porcelain produced during the Tang and Song Dynasties?
How did population growth impact the region during the Tang and Song Dynasties?
How did population growth impact the region during the Tang and Song Dynasties?
When did Porcelain-making reach Europe?
When did Porcelain-making reach Europe?
Why was Horseback Riding an important skill for the Mongols?
Why was Horseback Riding an important skill for the Mongols?
Why was Archery important for the Mongols?
Why was Archery important for the Mongols?
What was the Largest Land Empire in history?
What was the Largest Land Empire in history?
What was the significance of the Mongol Trade Routes?
What was the significance of the Mongol Trade Routes?
Describe the Cultural Tolerance exhibited by the Mongols
Describe the Cultural Tolerance exhibited by the Mongols
How did Taxation contribute to the Mongol Empire?
How did Taxation contribute to the Mongol Empire?
What is Gunpowder and from where did the Mongols learn about it?
What is Gunpowder and from where did the Mongols learn about it?
Summarize the Mongol Expansion
Summarize the Mongol Expansion
Describe the Geography of the Mongol Empire
Describe the Geography of the Mongol Empire
What were the Nomadic Living Skills of the Mongols?
What were the Nomadic Living Skills of the Mongols?
How did the Mongols treat the Conquered Cultures?
How did the Mongols treat the Conquered Cultures?
What geographical landmark formed the Southern boundary of the Mongol Empire?
What geographical landmark formed the Southern boundary of the Mongol Empire?
What was the Mongol Damage?
What was the Mongol Damage?
What kind of Stability did the Mongols bring?
What kind of Stability did the Mongols bring?
How did the Persian Influence affect the Mongols?
How did the Persian Influence affect the Mongols?
How rapidly did the Mongol Conquests occur?
How rapidly did the Mongol Conquests occur?
Describe the Mongol Horsemen
Describe the Mongol Horsemen
Which Chinese Dynasty did Kublai Khan overthrow in 1279?
Which Chinese Dynasty did Kublai Khan overthrow in 1279?
Describe the Mongol Culture during the Yuan Dynasty
Describe the Mongol Culture during the Yuan Dynasty
How were government positions filled under the Yuan regime?
How were government positions filled under the Yuan regime?
Describe improvements to Trade under Mongolian rule
Describe improvements to Trade under Mongolian rule
Describe Cultural Differences during the Yuan Dynasty
Describe Cultural Differences during the Yuan Dynasty
What is Genghis Khan known for?
What is Genghis Khan known for?
Describe the Mongol's Conquest of Japan
Describe the Mongol's Conquest of Japan
Describe Mongol Leadership during the Yuan Dynasty
Describe Mongol Leadership during the Yuan Dynasty
Why did Quanzhou's harbor decline?
Why did Quanzhou's harbor decline?
Describe the Mongol Terror Tactics
Describe the Mongol Terror Tactics
How did Marco Polo react to China in terms of culture and cities?
How did Marco Polo react to China in terms of culture and cities?
Describe the Mongol Rule Effects
Describe the Mongol Rule Effects
Describe the Mongol Social Structure
Describe the Mongol Social Structure
How long did Kublai Khan reign, and when did he die?
How long did Kublai Khan reign, and when did he die?
How long did the Yuan Dynasty last, and when did it end?
How long did the Yuan Dynasty last, and when did it end?
Describe the Mongol Governance System
Describe the Mongol Governance System
What are historians doing when Citing Text Evidence?
What are historians doing when Citing Text Evidence?
What is a Historical Debate in reference to Marco Polo?
What is a Historical Debate in reference to Marco Polo?
What are Trade Goods?
What are Trade Goods?
Why did Quanzhou become a Distribution Center?
Why did Quanzhou become a Distribution Center?
Why did Kublai Khan establish Khanbaliq?
Why did Kublai Khan establish Khanbaliq?
How did the Chinese view Cultural Superiority?
How did the Chinese view Cultural Superiority?
Describe the Ming Dynasty
Describe the Ming Dynasty
Describe Confucian teachings.
Describe Confucian teachings.
Describe the Central government under the Ming Dynasty
Describe the Central government under the Ming Dynasty
Who were the Christian missionaries?
Who were the Christian missionaries?
Describe Heavy taxes in China
Describe Heavy taxes in China
What year did the Han Dynasty end?
What year did the Han Dynasty end?
What time period was known as the Period of Disunity?
What time period was known as the Period of Disunity?
In what year was the Sui Dynasty established, and under whose rule?
In what year was the Sui Dynasty established, and under whose rule?
What were some characteristics of the Period of Disunity?
What were some characteristics of the Period of Disunity?
Name some major accomplishments of Yangdi.
Name some major accomplishments of Yangdi.
Describe the military campaigns of Yangdi.
Describe the military campaigns of Yangdi.
What was the Grand Canal?
What was the Grand Canal?
Describe the education process for the Civil Service Exam.
Describe the education process for the Civil Service Exam.
What did non-passing candidates often become?
What did non-passing candidates often become?
When did the Song Dynasty begin, and what did it continue?
When did the Song Dynasty begin, and what did it continue?
What was the transportation network of the Tang Dynasty like?
What was the transportation network of the Tang Dynasty like?
What did population growth lead to?
What did population growth lead to?
When did the Tang Dynasty begin according to the timeline?
When did the Tang Dynasty begin according to the timeline?
What skill did Mongols develop from age four?
What skill did Mongols develop from age four?
What skill allowed Mongols to accurately shoot arrows from horseback?
What skill allowed Mongols to accurately shoot arrows from horseback?
What was the Mongol Empire known as?
What was the Mongol Empire known as?
What did Mongol lands facilitate between Asia and Europe?
What did Mongol lands facilitate between Asia and Europe?
What was the Mongol attitude to other cultures?
What was the Mongol attitude to other cultures?
What explosive did the Mongols learn from the Chinese?
What explosive did the Mongols learn from the Chinese?
What weapon did the Mongols adopt from the Chinese?
What weapon did the Mongols adopt from the Chinese?
Where did the Mongols advance before being halted?
Where did the Mongols advance before being halted?
Where did the Mongol Empire stretch from?
Where did the Mongol Empire stretch from?
What was the significance of nomadic living skills?
What was the significance of nomadic living skills?
What term describes groups of related families among the Mongols?
What term describes groups of related families among the Mongols?
How did Mongols respond to conquered cultures?
How did Mongols respond to conquered cultures?
What natural feature formed the southern boundary of the Mongol Empire?
What natural feature formed the southern boundary of the Mongol Empire?
What region formed the northern boundary of the Mongol Empire?
What region formed the northern boundary of the Mongol Empire?
What was the impact of Mongol conquests on conquered lands?
What was the impact of Mongol conquests on conquered lands?
What did Mongol rule bring to conquered regions?
What did Mongol rule bring to conquered regions?
What influence did Mongols adopt from Persian culture?
What influence did Mongols adopt from Persian culture?
What other ways did Mongols integrate into their culture?
What other ways did Mongols integrate into their culture?
How were Mongol conquests defined?
How were Mongol conquests defined?
What were Mongol horsemen know for?
What were Mongol horsemen know for?
What tactics did the Mongol military use?
What tactics did the Mongol military use?
Around what year did the Mongol Empire reach its peak?
Around what year did the Mongol Empire reach its peak?
What dynasty did Kublai Khan establish in 1271?
What dynasty did Kublai Khan establish in 1271?
What was the capital city of the Yuan dynasty?
What was the capital city of the Yuan dynasty?
Which Chinese dynasty was overthrown by Kublai Khan in 1279?
Which Chinese dynasty was overthrown by Kublai Khan in 1279?
What occurred under Mongolian rule, connecting regions?
What occurred under Mongolian rule, connecting regions?
What major trade city declined in the 1400s?
What major trade city declined in the 1400s?
How did Mongols live in respect to the Chinese?
How did Mongols live in respect to the Chinese?
Who did Kublai appoint to key positions?
Who did Kublai appoint to key positions?
What occurred in Quanzhou's harbor, affecting trade?
What occurred in Quanzhou's harbor, affecting trade?
What tactics did the Mongols use?
What tactics did the Mongols use?
What was Marco Polo's reaction to Chinese cities and culture?
What was Marco Polo's reaction to Chinese cities and culture?
How did China benefit under Mongol rule?
How did China benefit under Mongol rule?
How did Mongol social structure work in China?
How did Mongol social structure work in China?
How was the Mongol Governance structured?
How was the Mongol Governance structured?
What type of questions does Citing Text Evidence involve?
What type of questions does Citing Text Evidence involve?
What is the key aspect of Marco Polo's accounts?
What is the key aspect of Marco Polo's accounts?
What kind of items were exchanged under the Mongols?
What kind of items were exchanged under the Mongols?
What did Quanzhou become?
What did Quanzhou become?
Why did Kublai Khan want to build Khanbaliq?
Why did Kublai Khan want to build Khanbaliq?
How did Chinese view their traditions compared to Mongols' traditions?
How did Chinese view their traditions compared to Mongols' traditions?
Who founded the Ming Dynasty?
Who founded the Ming Dynasty?
How long did the Ming Dynasty last?
How long did the Ming Dynasty last?
What was the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages?
What was the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages?
What was the first act sent by Hong Wu when he took power?
What was the first act sent by Hong Wu when he took power?
What did Confucian teachings emphasize?
What did Confucian teachings emphasize?
What dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty?
What dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty?
What was the name of the powerful governing body unifying China under Ming?
What was the name of the powerful governing body unifying China under Ming?
Who promoted Christianity in China?
Who promoted Christianity in China?
What burden was placed on farmers, leading to revolts?
What burden was placed on farmers, leading to revolts?
Flashcards
End of Han Dynasty
End of Han Dynasty
Ended in 220 CE, marking a period of disunity in China.
Period of Disunity
Period of Disunity
A period from 220-581 CE characterized by a lack of central government and division into separate kingdoms.
Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty
Established in 581 CE under Wendi, this dynasty reunified China.
Emperor Yangdi
Emperor Yangdi
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Grand Canal
Grand Canal
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Civil Service Examination System
Civil Service Examination System
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Warlords
Warlords
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Porcelain
Porcelain
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Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
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Champa rice
Champa rice
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Mongols
Mongols
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
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Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
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Marco Polo
Marco Polo
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Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
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Zheng He
Zheng He
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Study Notes
- In 220 CE, the Han Dynasty ended.
Period of Disunity
- Lasted from 220-581 CE.
- This period lasted approximately 300 years.
- There was no central government as the country split into separate kingdoms.
- Warlords fought for control, resulting in nomadic invasions, especially in northern China.
- Control was lost over neighboring territories, including Korea.
Sui Dynasty
- Founded in 581 CE by Emperor Wendi.
- Emperor Wendi successfully unified China and restored central imperial rule.
- Yangdi, Wendi's son, succeeded him.
- Yangdi repaired the Great Wall, rebuilt Changan (capital city), and constructed the Grand Canal.
- Yangdi's military campaign to conquer Korea failed, leading to internal expansion efforts.
Grand Canal
- It is approximately 1,100 miles (1,770 km) in length.
- It connects the Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers.
- It created a north-south connection between east-west flowing rivers.
Civil Service Examination System
- Helped strengthen the government through educated officials.
- The system was based on Confucian writings.
- Only men were allowed to participate.
- It favored wealthy families.
- It created a class of scholar-officials.
- Education started at age 4 with learning Chinese characters.
- It required memorization of Confucian writings.
- Only 20% of candidates passed the examination.
- Non-passing candidates often became teachers or government assistants.
Key Entities
- Warlords were military leaders who fought for control during the Period of Disunity.
- Scholar-officials were educated officials who passed the civil service examination.
- Neo-Confucianism was a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 1400s.
- Changan was a capital city rebuilt by Emperor Yangdi.
- Champa rice is a rice variety introduced during the Song Dynasty that grew rapidly in poor soil and was disease resistant.
- Porcelain is a fine ceramic made from clay, baked at high temperatures, called 'china' in the West.
- Waterwheel irrigation was introduced during the Tang Dynasty.
- Chang Jiang valley is a region where new settlements developed due to population growth.
Tang Dynasty
- Began in 618 CE.
- Known for land redistribution and agricultural advancements.
- The transportation network was approximately 30,000 miles of canals, road systems, and waterways.
- Agricultural improvements contributed to China's economic growth.
- Began in 618 CE.
Song Dynasty
- Began in 960 CE.
- Continued agricultural reforms and introduced Champa rice.
- Began in 960 CE.
Significance of Porcelain
- It became highly valued in other parts of the world.
- Porcelain-making reached Europe in the 1700s.
Population Growth
- Increased food production led to migration patterns and new settlements.
Mongols
- Nomadic group from Mongolia ruling China. Used movable tents called Yurts.
- They lived on grassy plains called Steppes from the Black Sea to northern China.
- Horseback riding was an essential skill developed from age four.
- They could shoot arrows accurately from horseback.
- Genghis Khan was the leader under whom the Mongol Empire expanded significantly.
- Created the largest land empire in history.
- Mongol lands facilitated trade between Asia and Europe.
- They generally accepted and adopted conquered cultures including Islam in Southwest Asia.
- Mongols grew wealthy by taxing trade products.
Warfare
- Mongols learned about gunpowder, an explosive, from Chinese during Mongol conquests.
- Mongols adopted the Fire Lance weapon from the Chinese, a precursor to guns.
- Mongols advanced into Syria and Palestine but were halted in Egypt.
- Their military tactics utilized mobility and archery.
- Mongol horsemen were skilled cavalry known for speed and agility.
- Mongol conquests caused significant destruction to conquered lands, but Mongol rule brought stability to conquered regions.
- Used terror to subdue populations during conquests.
Geography
- The empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe.
- Southern boundary of the Mongol Empire was the Himalayas.
- The northern boundary of the Mongol Empire was Siberia.
Culture
- Mongols developed skills necessary for survival as nomads.
- Used clans which are groups of related families.
- They admired and learned from cultures they conquered.
- Persian and Turkish cultures influenced their culture.
- Combined Mongol leaders with some Chinese officials.
Empire Facts
- The Mongol Empire reached its peak around 1294.
- Mongol conquests resulted in rapid expansion of territory in under 100 years.
Kublai Khan
- Grandson of Genghis Khan.
- Mongol ruler of China.
- Established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271.
- Overthrew the Song Dynasty in 1279.
- Appointed Mongol leaders to key positions.
- Established Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to consolidate power in China.
- Ruled for 30 years until his death in 1294.
Yuan Dynasty
- Mongol leaders were distinct, with separate language, laws, and customs from Chinese.
- Civil Service Examinations were not used.
- The dynasty lasted approximately 100 years, ending in 1368.
- Trade increased, connecting regions.
- Mongol did not mix socially with Chinese.
- Marco Polo visited and was amazed by China's cities and culture.
- China benefited from trade and cultural exchanges under Mongol rule.
Trade
- Quanzhou was a major trade city that declined in the 1400s due to sediment in the harbor.
- Became a hub for agricultural products acting as a distribution center.
- Silk, spices, and other goods were traded under Mongols.
Historical Perspectives
- Historians question the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts.
- Cultural superiority played a role as the Chinese viewed their traditions as superior to Mongols.
- Analyzing differences in Mongol and Song governance requires citing evidence.
Ming Dynasty
- Hong Wu, a former peasant, founded the Ming dynasty.
- It was a Chinese dynasty lasting 276 years.
- The central government was a powerful governing body unifying China.
- Hong Wu sent a 'Manifesto of Accession' declaration to foreign leaders.
Entities
- Zheng He was a Ming explorer known for maritime voyages.
- Jesuits - Roman Catholic priests who educated in China.
- Confucian teachings are a philosophy emphasizing societal good over individual desires.
- Manchus were people from Manchuria who invaded China.
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchus in 1644.
- Christian missionaries promoted Christianity in China.
- The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.
Problems
- Heavy taxes were placed on farmers leading to revolts.
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