Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the relationship between the structures mentioned in the section 'Homology of structures in the male and female perineum'?
What is the relationship between the structures mentioned in the section 'Homology of structures in the male and female perineum'?
Which of the following topics is NOT related to the male reproductive organs?
Which of the following topics is NOT related to the male reproductive organs?
What is the primary function of the pelvic diaphragm?
What is the primary function of the pelvic diaphragm?
Which muscle is responsible for forming the U-shaped muscular sling around the anorectal junction?
Which muscle is responsible for forming the U-shaped muscular sling around the anorectal junction?
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What is the name of the region located in front of the line, containing the genitalia and the terminal region of the urinary tract?
What is the name of the region located in front of the line, containing the genitalia and the terminal region of the urinary tract?
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What is the name of the ligament that connects the sacrum and coccyx?
What is the name of the ligament that connects the sacrum and coccyx?
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What is the name of the muscle that forms the pelvic diaphragm, along with the levator ani muscle?
What is the name of the muscle that forms the pelvic diaphragm, along with the levator ani muscle?
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Which part of the pelvis contains the anal canal and anus?
Which part of the pelvis contains the anal canal and anus?
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Which part of the body is located posterior to the line?
Which part of the body is located posterior to the line?
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What is formed by the fusion of fascia and fibers of the urogenital diaphragm and the pelvic diaphragm?
What is formed by the fusion of fascia and fibers of the urogenital diaphragm and the pelvic diaphragm?
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Which muscle is part of the urogenital diaphragm?
Which muscle is part of the urogenital diaphragm?
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What is the fatty layer of the superficial perineal fascia continuous with?
What is the fatty layer of the superficial perineal fascia continuous with?
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What is the superficial perineal fascia composed of?
What is the superficial perineal fascia composed of?
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In the male, what happens to the fatty layer of the superficial perineal fascia when it reaches the scrotum and skin of penis?
In the male, what happens to the fatty layer of the superficial perineal fascia when it reaches the scrotum and skin of penis?
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What is the name of the fibrous layer of the superficial perineal fascia in the lower abdominal region?
What is the name of the fibrous layer of the superficial perineal fascia in the lower abdominal region?
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What is the perineal body involved in?
What is the perineal body involved in?
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What is the ischioanal fossa a part of?
What is the ischioanal fossa a part of?
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What is the primary location of the prostate gland?
What is the primary location of the prostate gland?
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Which part of the glans penis is penetrated by the urethra?
Which part of the glans penis is penetrated by the urethra?
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What is the typical weight of a normal prostate gland?
What is the typical weight of a normal prostate gland?
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Which lymph nodes drain the lymph from the glans penis?
Which lymph nodes drain the lymph from the glans penis?
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What is the length of the prostate gland at its base?
What is the length of the prostate gland at its base?
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What is the region of the glans penis that rests on the superior layer of the urogenital diaphragm?
What is the region of the glans penis that rests on the superior layer of the urogenital diaphragm?
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Where do almost all lymph nodes from the penis drain, except the glans penis?
Where do almost all lymph nodes from the penis drain, except the glans penis?
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What is the shape of the normal prostate gland?
What is the shape of the normal prostate gland?
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What is the function of the alkaline secretion produced by the prostatic glandular tissue?
What is the function of the alkaline secretion produced by the prostatic glandular tissue?
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Which artery branch supplies the prostate?
Which artery branch supplies the prostate?
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What is the purpose of the puboprostatic ligament?
What is the purpose of the puboprostatic ligament?
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What is the location of the prostatic venous plexus?
What is the location of the prostatic venous plexus?
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How many prostatic ductules and ducts enter into the prostatic sinus?
How many prostatic ductules and ducts enter into the prostatic sinus?
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What is the function of the rectovesical ligament?
What is the function of the rectovesical ligament?
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What is the outer covering of the prostate?
What is the outer covering of the prostate?
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The apex of the triangle formed by the posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm reaches the pubic symphysis.
The apex of the triangle formed by the posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm reaches the pubic symphysis.
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The deep transverse perineus muscles are attached to the lateral surfaces of the ischial rami.
The deep transverse perineus muscles are attached to the lateral surfaces of the ischial rami.
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The urethrovaginal sphincter muscle compresses the urethra in both male and female.
The urethrovaginal sphincter muscle compresses the urethra in both male and female.
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The ducts of the bulbourethral glands perforate the perineal membrane to drain the seminal fluid into the prostate gland.
The ducts of the bulbourethral glands perforate the perineal membrane to drain the seminal fluid into the prostate gland.
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The muscular layer of the perineum is formed by smooth muscles.
The muscular layer of the perineum is formed by smooth muscles.
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The union of the anterior region of the two fascial layers forms the perineal body.
The union of the anterior region of the two fascial layers forms the perineal body.
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The sphincter urethrae muscle is present in both male and female.
The sphincter urethrae muscle is present in both male and female.
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The posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm corresponds to the imaginary line interconnecting the ischial spines.
The posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm corresponds to the imaginary line interconnecting the ischial spines.
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The superficial perineal fascia attaches to the posterior fornix of the vagina in the female perineum.
The superficial perineal fascia attaches to the posterior fornix of the vagina in the female perineum.
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The superficial perineal pouch is bounded superiorly by the perineal membrane and inferiorly by the fibrous layer of the superficial perineal fascia.
The superficial perineal pouch is bounded superiorly by the perineal membrane and inferiorly by the fibrous layer of the superficial perineal fascia.
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The fibrous layer of the subcutaneous perineal fascia attaches to the lateral aspect of the prostate gland.
The fibrous layer of the subcutaneous perineal fascia attaches to the lateral aspect of the prostate gland.
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The superficial transverse perineus muscle is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
The superficial transverse perineus muscle is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
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The superficial perineal fascia is composed of a fibrous layer and a fatty layer.
The superficial perineal fascia is composed of a fibrous layer and a fatty layer.
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The superficial perineal fascia blends posteriorly with the fascial lining of the anal canal.
The superficial perineal fascia blends posteriorly with the fascial lining of the anal canal.
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The bulb of the penis is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
The bulb of the penis is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
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The greater and lesser vestibular glands are present in the male superficial perineal pouch.
The greater and lesser vestibular glands are present in the male superficial perineal pouch.
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The attachments of the superficial perineal fascia in the male perineum are identical to those in the female perineum.
The attachments of the superficial perineal fascia in the male perineum are identical to those in the female perineum.
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The pudendal canal conducts the vessels and nerve to the posterior aspect of the urogenital diaphragm.
The pudendal canal conducts the vessels and nerve to the posterior aspect of the urogenital diaphragm.
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The superficial perineal fascia is a single layer of fascia that surrounds the entire perineum.
The superficial perineal fascia is a single layer of fascia that surrounds the entire perineum.
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The ischioanal fossa is bordered by the obturator internus muscle.
The ischioanal fossa is bordered by the obturator internus muscle.
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The superficial perineal pouch is a region of the urogenital triangle that contains the prostate gland.
The superficial perineal pouch is a region of the urogenital triangle that contains the prostate gland.
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The ischioanal fossa is located posterior to the line.
The ischioanal fossa is located posterior to the line.
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The pudendal canal is located about 2 cm above the medial aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
The pudendal canal is located about 2 cm above the medial aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
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The central tendinous point of the perineum is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
The central tendinous point of the perineum is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
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The apex of the ischioanal fossa is located about 4 cm above the ischial tuberosity.
The apex of the ischioanal fossa is located about 4 cm above the ischial tuberosity.
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The internal pudendal artery is a branch of the external iliac artery.
The internal pudendal artery is a branch of the external iliac artery.
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The obturatory fascia contains the internal pudendal artery and vein.
The obturatory fascia contains the internal pudendal artery and vein.
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The Inferior rectal nerves are branches of the sacral nerve.
The Inferior rectal nerves are branches of the sacral nerve.
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The ischioanal fossa is bounded medially by the obturatory fascia.
The ischioanal fossa is bounded medially by the obturatory fascia.
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The internal pudendal vein drains into the external iliac vein.
The internal pudendal vein drains into the external iliac vein.
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The perineum is supplied by the branches of two arteries - the internal pudendal artery and the external iliac artery.
The perineum is supplied by the branches of two arteries - the internal pudendal artery and the external iliac artery.
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The piriformis muscle is part of the urogenital diaphragm.
The piriformis muscle is part of the urogenital diaphragm.
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The musculus ischiocavernosus is located superficially to the corpora cavernosa.
The musculus ischiocavernosus is located superficially to the corpora cavernosa.
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The bulb of the penis is located distally to the glans penis.
The bulb of the penis is located distally to the glans penis.
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The corpus spongiosum contains the spongy urethra and is firmly attached to the perineal membrane.
The corpus spongiosum contains the spongy urethra and is firmly attached to the perineal membrane.
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The body of the penis has muscles that are responsible for its erection.
The body of the penis has muscles that are responsible for its erection.
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The glans penis is the proximal part of the corpus spongiosum.
The glans penis is the proximal part of the corpus spongiosum.
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The penis is composed of the cavernous erectile tissue only in the root part.
The penis is composed of the cavernous erectile tissue only in the root part.
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The internal pudendal artery supplies the prostate gland.
The internal pudendal artery supplies the prostate gland.
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The superficial transverse perineal muscle is involved in the formation of the U-shaped muscular sling around the anorectal junction.
The superficial transverse perineal muscle is involved in the formation of the U-shaped muscular sling around the anorectal junction.
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The superficial transverse perineus muscle is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
The superficial transverse perineus muscle is present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
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The contents of the scrotum are part of the male superficial perineal pouch.
The contents of the scrotum are part of the male superficial perineal pouch.
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The pudendal canal is located about 2 cm above the lateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
The pudendal canal is located about 2 cm above the lateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
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The muscular layer of the perineum is formed by smooth muscles.
The muscular layer of the perineum is formed by smooth muscles.
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The bulb of the penis is present in the male superficial perineal pouch.
The bulb of the penis is present in the male superficial perineal pouch.
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The greater and lesser vestibular glands are present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
The greater and lesser vestibular glands are present in the female superficial perineal pouch.
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The posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm corresponds to the imaginary line interconnecting the ischial spines.
The posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm corresponds to the imaginary line interconnecting the ischial spines.
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The central tendinous point of the perineum is present in the male superficial perineal pouch.
The central tendinous point of the perineum is present in the male superficial perineal pouch.
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The bulbourethral glands are located on each side of the membranous urethra in both male and female.
The bulbourethral glands are located on each side of the membranous urethra in both male and female.
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The ducts of the bulbourethral glands perforate the perineal membrane to drain the seminal fluid into the prostate gland.
The ducts of the bulbourethral glands perforate the perineal membrane to drain the seminal fluid into the prostate gland.
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The ischioanal fossa is bounded medially by the obturator internus muscle.
The ischioanal fossa is bounded medially by the obturator internus muscle.
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The pudendal canal courses about 1 cm above the medial aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
The pudendal canal courses about 1 cm above the medial aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
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The urethrovaginal sphincter muscle compresses the vagina and urethra in both male and female.
The urethrovaginal sphincter muscle compresses the vagina and urethra in both male and female.
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The apex of the triangle formed by the posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm reaches the pubic symphysis.
The apex of the triangle formed by the posterior free-border of the U.G. diaphragm reaches the pubic symphysis.
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The union of the anterior region of the two fascial layers forms the perineal body.
The union of the anterior region of the two fascial layers forms the perineal body.
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The ischioanal fossa is bounded medially by the perineal membrane.
The ischioanal fossa is bounded medially by the perineal membrane.
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The deep perineal pouch is a wide space lined above and below by the superior and inferior fascial layers of the U.G. diaphragm.
The deep perineal pouch is a wide space lined above and below by the superior and inferior fascial layers of the U.G. diaphragm.
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The urethra is not one of the contents of the deep perineal pouch in the male.
The urethra is not one of the contents of the deep perineal pouch in the male.
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The bulbourethral glands drain into the urethra in the female.
The bulbourethral glands drain into the urethra in the female.
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The internal spermatic fascia is a continuation of the internal pudendal artery.
The internal spermatic fascia is a continuation of the internal pudendal artery.
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The branches of the pudendal nerve are only connected to the muscles of the deep perineal pouch.
The branches of the pudendal nerve are only connected to the muscles of the deep perineal pouch.
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The posterior scrotal branches are from the external pudendal arteries.
The posterior scrotal branches are from the external pudendal arteries.
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The internal pudendal artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery.
The internal pudendal artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery.
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The genitofemoral nerve supplies the cremaster muscle and the dartos muscle.
The genitofemoral nerve supplies the cremaster muscle and the dartos muscle.
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The superficial perineal pouch contains the bulbourethral glands.
The superficial perineal pouch contains the bulbourethral glands.
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The glans penis is a part of the corpus cavernosum penis.
The glans penis is a part of the corpus cavernosum penis.
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The dorsal artery of the penis is one of the branches of the internal pudendal artery.
The dorsal artery of the penis is one of the branches of the internal pudendal artery.
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The crura of the penis are formed by the separation of the two corpora cavernosa.
The crura of the penis are formed by the separation of the two corpora cavernosa.
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The deep perineal pouch is a space that is empty of contents.
The deep perineal pouch is a space that is empty of contents.
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The root of the penis begins near the superior region of the pubic symphysis.
The root of the penis begins near the superior region of the pubic symphysis.
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The penis is divided into three portions: the root, the body, and the glans penis.
The penis is divided into three portions: the root, the body, and the glans penis.
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The anterior scrotal branches are from the internal pudendal artery.
The anterior scrotal branches are from the internal pudendal artery.
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The prostatic venous plexus is located inside the true capsule.
The prostatic venous plexus is located inside the true capsule.
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Most of the lymph produced in the prostate is drained into the external iliac lymphatic nodes.
Most of the lymph produced in the prostate is drained into the external iliac lymphatic nodes.
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The bulbourethral glands are situated anterolaterally to the membranous urethra in male.
The bulbourethral glands are situated anterolaterally to the membranous urethra in male.
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The seminal vesicles are located anterior to the urinary bladder.
The seminal vesicles are located anterior to the urinary bladder.
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The ducts of the bulbourethral glands are about 1.5 cm in length.
The ducts of the bulbourethral glands are about 1.5 cm in length.
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The bulbourethral glands are oval in shape and about 1 cm in diameter.
The bulbourethral glands are oval in shape and about 1 cm in diameter.
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The rectoscope is used to remove the obstruction of the flow of urine caused by the enlargement of the middle lobe of the prostate gland.
The rectoscope is used to remove the obstruction of the flow of urine caused by the enlargement of the middle lobe of the prostate gland.
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The prostate gland is sometimes surgically removed, and that is called a prostectomy.
The prostate gland is sometimes surgically removed, and that is called a prostectomy.
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What is the name of the artery that pierces the crura and passes within the corpora cavernosa?
What is the name of the artery that pierces the crura and passes within the corpora cavernosa?
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Where does the deep dorsal vein of the penis drain into?
Where does the deep dorsal vein of the penis drain into?
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Which vein is accompanied by the left and right dorsal artery and nerve on its lateral aspects?
Which vein is accompanied by the left and right dorsal artery and nerve on its lateral aspects?
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What is the name of the vein that returns blood into the external pudendal veins and next into the femoral veins?
What is the name of the vein that returns blood into the external pudendal veins and next into the femoral veins?
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Where do the paired deep veins of the penis return blood into?
Where do the paired deep veins of the penis return blood into?
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What is the primary route of venous drainage for the prostate?
What is the primary route of venous drainage for the prostate?
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Where does the majority of the lymph produced in the prostate drain into?
Where does the majority of the lymph produced in the prostate drain into?
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What is the name of the veins that form the prostatic venous plexus?
What is the name of the veins that form the prostatic venous plexus?
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What is the relationship between the prostatic venous plexus and the vesical venous plexus?
What is the relationship between the prostatic venous plexus and the vesical venous plexus?
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What is the purpose of the rectoscope in relation to the prostate?
What is the purpose of the rectoscope in relation to the prostate?
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What is the origin of the artery of ductus deferens?
What is the origin of the artery of ductus deferens?
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Which lymph nodes drain the lymph from the testis and epididymis?
Which lymph nodes drain the lymph from the testis and epididymis?
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What is the name of the plexus that forms the venous drainage of the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens?
What is the name of the plexus that forms the venous drainage of the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens?
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Which artery supplies the cremaster muscle?
Which artery supplies the cremaster muscle?
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What is the boundary of the perineum that is shared with the pelvic outlet?
What is the boundary of the perineum that is shared with the pelvic outlet?
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What is the direction of the venous drainage of the prostate?
What is the direction of the venous drainage of the prostate?
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Which lymph nodes drain the lymph from the prostate?
Which lymph nodes drain the lymph from the prostate?
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What is the artery that supplies the seminal vesicles?
What is the artery that supplies the seminal vesicles?
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What is the direction of the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?
What is the direction of the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?
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What is the primary route of lymphatic drainage for the glans penis?
What is the primary route of lymphatic drainage for the glans penis?
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Where does the lymph from the rest of the penis drain into?
Where does the lymph from the rest of the penis drain into?
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Which of the following is NOT involved in the lymphatic drainage of the penis?
Which of the following is NOT involved in the lymphatic drainage of the penis?
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What is the primary route of venous drainage for the prostate gland?
What is the primary route of venous drainage for the prostate gland?
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Which artery is NOT involved in the arterial supply of the penis?
Which artery is NOT involved in the arterial supply of the penis?
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Which of the following arteries supplies the epididymis?
Which of the following arteries supplies the epididymis?
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What is the primary route of venous drainage for the testis?
What is the primary route of venous drainage for the testis?
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Which of the following lymph nodes drains the lymph from the epididymis?
Which of the following lymph nodes drains the lymph from the epididymis?
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What is the primary route of venous drainage for the ductus deferens?
What is the primary route of venous drainage for the ductus deferens?
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Which of the following lymph nodes drains the lymph from the ductus deferens?
Which of the following lymph nodes drains the lymph from the ductus deferens?
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Which nerve is responsible for the motor function of the perineal muscles?
Which nerve is responsible for the motor function of the perineal muscles?
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What is the primary route of venous drainage for the superficial dorsal vein of the penis?
What is the primary route of venous drainage for the superficial dorsal vein of the penis?
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Which artery accompanies the deep dorsal vein of the penis?
Which artery accompanies the deep dorsal vein of the penis?
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What is the point of convergence for the superficial dorsal vein of the penis?
What is the point of convergence for the superficial dorsal vein of the penis?
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Which structure is traversed by the deep dorsal vein of the penis to reach the prostatic plexus of veins?
Which structure is traversed by the deep dorsal vein of the penis to reach the prostatic plexus of veins?
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What is the fate of the deep dorsal vein of the penis in the female?
What is the fate of the deep dorsal vein of the penis in the female?
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Which nerve is responsible for the sensation of the scrotal region?
Which nerve is responsible for the sensation of the scrotal region?
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What is the relationship between the superficial dorsal vein of the penis and the accompanying arteries?
What is the relationship between the superficial dorsal vein of the penis and the accompanying arteries?
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What is the route of venous drainage for the deep dorsal vein of the penis?
What is the route of venous drainage for the deep dorsal vein of the penis?
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What is the characteristic of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis in relation to the perineal membrane?
What is the characteristic of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis in relation to the perineal membrane?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the text:
Boundaries of the Perineum
- The perineum is bounded by the pubic symphysis, ischiopubic rami, and the coccyx
- The perineal region is divided into two triangles: the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle
- The urogenital triangle contains the genitalia and the terminal region of the urinary tract
- The anal triangle contains the anal canal and anus
Arterial Supply of the Perineum
- The perineum is supplied by the internal pudendal artery
- The internal pudendal artery branches into the inferior vesical artery and the middle rectal artery
- The inferior vesical artery supplies the prostate and the urinary bladder
- The middle rectal artery supplies the rectum and the anus
Innervation of the Perineum
- The perineum is innervated by the pudendal nerve
- The pudendal nerve has three branches: the dorsal nerve of the penis, the perineal nerve, and the inferior anal nerve
- The dorsal nerve of the penis supplies the penis and the clitoris
- The perineal nerve supplies the perineal muscles and the scrotum
- The inferior anal nerve supplies the anus and the perianal skin
Venous Drainage of the Perineum
- The perineum is drained by the internal pudendal vein
- The internal pudendal vein drains into the internal iliac vein
- The internal iliac vein drains into the common iliac vein
Homology of Structures in the Male and Female Perineum
- The perineum in both males and females contains the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle
- The urogenital triangle contains the genitalia and the terminal region of the urinary tract
- The anal triangle contains the anal canal and anus
- The prostate gland is present in males, while the urethrovaginal sphincter muscle is present in females
Male Internal Genital Organs
- The testes are located in the scrotum and are supplied by the testicular artery
- The epididymis is located posterior to the testes and is supplied by the epididymal artery
- The ductus deferens is a muscular tube that connects the epididymis to the prostate gland
- The prostate gland is a glandular organ that surrounds the urethra
- The seminal vesicles are glandular organs that produce seminal fluid
Arterial Supply of the Testes, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens
- The testes are supplied by the testicular artery
- The epididymis is supplied by the epididymal artery
- The ductus deferens is supplied by the ductal artery
Venous Drainage of the Testes, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens
- The testes are drained by the pampiniform plexus
- The epididymis is drained by the epididymal vein
- The ductus deferens is drained by the ductal vein
Lymphatic Drainage of the Testes, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens
- The testes are drained by the testicular lymph nodes
- The epididymis is drained by the epididymal lymph nodes
- The ductus deferens is drained by the ductal lymph nodes### Scrotum
- The internal spermatic fascia is a continuation of the abdominal transversal fascia.
- Arterial supply of the scrotum:
- Anterior scrotal branches from the external pudendal arteries
- Posterior scrotal branches from the internal pudendal artery
- Veins correspond to the arteries
- Innervation of the scrotum:
- Genitofemoral nerve (nervus genitofemoralis) supplies the dartos muscle and the cremaster muscle
- Anterior scrotal nerves (nervi scrotales anteriores) from the ilioinguinal nerve
- Posterior scrotal nerves (nervi scrotales posteriores) from the pudendal nerve
Penis
- The penis is a male organ of copulation, and is the common way out for urine and semen
- Divided into two portions: root of the penis, body of the penis, and glans penis
- Root of the penis begins near the inferior region of the pubic symphysis where the three tubes separate into the left and right cavernous body of penis and the spongious body of penis
- Venous drainage of the penis:
- Deep dorsal vein of the penis (vena dorsalis penis profunda) drains into the prostatic plexus of veins
- Superficial dorsal veins (venae superficiales dorsales penis) drain into the external pudendal veins
- Deep veins of the penis (venae profundae penis) drain into the internal pudendal vein
- Lymphatic drainage of the penis:
- Almost all lymph (except the glans penis) is returned into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- Lymph from glans penis is returned to the deep inguinal lymph nodes
Perineum
- The perineum is a diamond-shaped area between the thighs and the lower part of the buttocks
- Boundaries of the perineum:
- Anterior: pubic symphysis
- Posterior: coccyx
- Anterolateral: ischiopubic rami and ischial tuberosities
- Posterolateral: tuberosities of ischium and sacrotuberous ligaments
- Divided into an anterior and a posterior triangle by an imaginary line which joins the anterior regions of the ischial tuberosities (linea interischialica)
Prostate
- The prostate is the largest accessory gland, located in the true pelvic cavity at the neck of the urinary bladder
- Surrounds the first 4 cm of the male (prostatic) urethra
- Normal prostate resembles a 20-30 g "buckeye nut"
- Prostatic veins form the prostatic venous plexus, which drains mainly into the internal iliac vein
- Lymphatic drainage of the prostate:
- Most lymph is drained into the internal iliac and sacral lymphatic nodes
Bulbourethral Glands and Seminal Vesicles
- Two yellowish bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) are situated posterolaterally to the membranous urethra in males
- Paired seminal vesicles resemble small bags filled with raisins, which rest upon the posterior border of the urinary bladder
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Test your knowledge on the boundaries, contents, arterial supply, innervation, and venous drainage of the perineum. Questions are based on the human anatomy with reference to St.Gielecki and Żurada's work. Copyright © 2019 MedRadEd.
