Pericardium and Heart Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the pericardium surrounding the heart?

  • To act as a barrier against bacterial infections
  • To allow the heart to freely expand and contract (correct)
  • To provide a rigid structure to prevent heart movement
  • To enhance oxygenation of the blood

Which chamber of the heart receives poorly oxygenated blood from the body?

  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Atrium
  • Right Atrium (correct)
  • Left Ventricle

During which phase do the aortic and pulmonary valves close?

  • Atrial Systole
  • Late Diastole
  • Early Diastole (correct)
  • Ventricular Systole

What is primarily responsible for blood supply to the pericardium?

<p>Pericardiophrenic artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for contraction?

<p>Myocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the fibrous skeleton in the heart?

<p>It provides structural support and electrical isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve opens to allow blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

<p>Mitral Valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

<p>Between the inner and outer pericardium layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the left and right atria?

<p>Interatrial Septum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ventricles in the heart?

<p>To pump blood into major arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve primarily supplies the pericardium?

<p>Phrenic Nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole?

<p>They close (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the right atrium is smooth and thin-walled?

<p>Sinus Venarum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is found between the left and right atrium?

<p>Fossa ovalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart has a wall thickness that is three times greater than another chamber?

<p>Left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is also known as the tricuspid valve?

<p>Right atrioventricular valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

<p>Isolate electrical impulses between atria and ventricles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the internal walls of the ventricles?

<p>Fossa ovalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardiac cycle's 'lub' sound represent?

<p>Closing of atrioventricular valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major artery supplies the anterior part of the heart?

<p>Anterior interventricular artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the electrical impulse that initiates heartbeats?

<p>SA node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel collects blood from the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium?

<p>Coronary sinus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest is known as what?

<p>Dextrocardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscles are cardiac muscle cells categorized as?

<p>Involuntary striated muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle?

<p>Aortic valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the atria to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of papillary muscles in the heart?

<p>Support the atrioventricular valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

<p>Serves as the heart's pacemaker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>The leading cause of death in developed countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

<p>Mitral (Bicuspid) valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?

<p>To provide structural support between adjacent cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies blood to the left anterior part of the heart?

<p>Anterior interventricular artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the thickness of the left ventricle compare to that of the right ventricle?

<p>The left ventricle is three times thicker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

<p>Anchor the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the body?

<p>Left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves close?

<p>Ventricular diastole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of angina pectoris?

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the repolarization phase of cardiac muscle contraction?

<p>The heart relaxes and prepares for the next contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the heart’s electrical insulation, allowing independent contraction of the atria and ventricles?

<p>Fibrous skeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an ECG measure with respect to heart function?

<p>Electrical activity of the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the pericardium is responsible for limiting heart expansion?

<p>Fibrous pericardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the pericardiophrenic artery primarily derive from?

<p>Internal thoracic artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the left side of the heart?

<p>To pump oxygenated blood to the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During diastole, which valves are open?

<p>Mitral and tricuspid valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two veins drain into the right atrium?

<p>Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers of the heart chambers from deep to superficial?

<p>Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac tamponade?

<p>Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?

<p>Pericardial cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the right atrium serves as the external divider between smooth and rough parts?

<p>Sulcus terminalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for the nerve supply of the pericardium?

<p>Phrenic nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during ventricular systole?

<p>Atrioventricular valves close (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the myocardial layer of the heart mainly consist of?

<p>Cardiac muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

<p>Left atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describe the epicardium?

<p>Thin layer made by visceral pericardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pericardium

A fibrous membrane that encloses the heart and its major blood vessels, composed of a fibrous layer and a serous layer.

Fibrous Pericardium

The outermost layer of the pericardium, inelastic, attaches heart to sternum and diaphragm, and blends with great vessel adventitia.

Serous Pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardium, with glistening, lubricated surfaces that allow the heart to move freely inside the sac.

Parietal Layer

The layer of the serous pericardium that lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac.

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Visceral Layer

The layer of the serous pericardium that covers the heart.

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Pericardial Cavity

The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium, filled with pericardial fluid.

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Pericardiocentesis

A procedure to remove excess fluid from the pericardial cavity.

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Cardiac Tamponade

A condition where excess fluid or blood inside the pericardium compresses the heart, reducing its ability to pump.

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Right Heart

The right side of the heart, receiving deoxygenated blood from the body and pumping it to the lungs.

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Left Heart

The left side of the heart, receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it to the body.

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Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts to pump blood.

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Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes to fill with blood.

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Endocardium

The innermost layer of the heart wall, consisting of endothelium & subendothelial connective tissue, lining the heart chambers & valves.

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Myocardium

The middle, thick layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

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Epicardium

The outermost layer of the heart wall, also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

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Heart Chambers

The four hollow structures (two atria and two ventricles) that make up the heart, responsible for receiving and pumping blood.

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Interventricular septum

The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart.

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Fossa Ovalis

A small, oval-shaped depression in the right atrium, situated between the left and right atria.

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Left Atrium Interior

The larger, smooth-walled part of the left atrium, housing the pulmonary veins and having a slightly thicker wall than the right atrium.

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Left Atrial Auricle

A smaller, muscular pouch (auricle) within the left atrium containing pectinate muscles.

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Pulmonary Veins

Four veins (two superior, two inferior) that deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

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Right Ventricle

The chamber that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary trunk.

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Trabeculae Carneae

Muscular ridges within the right ventricle.

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Papillary Muscles

Finger-like projections in the ventricles that anchor the chordae tendineae.

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Chordae Tendineae

Fine strings that connect papillary muscles to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves.

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Left Ventricle

The thicker chamber that forms the apex of the heart and pumps blood to the aorta; three times thicker than the right ventricle.

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Atrioventricular Valves

One-way valves that prevent backflow between atria and ventricles during contraction.

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Tricuspid Valve

Right AV valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

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Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

Left AV valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

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Semilunar Valves

One-way valves with three cusps that prevent backflow from arteries into the ventricles.

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Pulmonary Valve

Semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.

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Aortic Valve

Semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

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Fibrous Skeleton of Heart

A framework of four fibrous rings surrounding valves, along with membranes connecting them to the atrial and ventricular septa, providing structural support and electrical insulation.

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Heart Sounds (Lub-Dup)

Sounds produced by the closing of heart valves during the cardiac cycle.

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Murmur

An abnormal heart sound produced by faulty valve function.

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Coronary Arteries

Blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

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Coronary Sinus

The major vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart and empties into the right atrium.

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

The leading cause of death in developed countries, characterized by atherosclerosis, leading to ischemia, angina pectoris, and potentially myocardial infarction.

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Cardiac Conducting System

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate and transmit electrical impulses for myocardial contraction.

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Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The pacemaker of the heart, generating the electrical impulse that initiates each heartbeat.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart.

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Cardiac Nerves

Nerves that control heart rate, with parasympathetic fibers decreasing it and sympathetic fibers increasing it.

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Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, branching, and have one or two nuclei; cells connect at intercalated discs for coordinated contractions.

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Pericardium function

Fibrous membrane enclosing the heart and its vessels, creating a sac; limits heart expansion, holds heart in mediastinum (middle of chest).

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Fibrous pericardium location

Outermost layer of the pericardium; attaches to sternum and diaphragm; blends with great vessel adventitia (outermost layer of blood vessels).

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Serous pericardium

Inner, thin, glistening layer of pericardium allowing heart's free movement; composed of parietal and visceral layers.

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Parietal pericardium

Lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac.

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Visceral pericardium

Covers the surface of the heart.

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Pericardial cavity

Space between parietal and visceral serous pericardium; filled with pericardial fluid to reduce friction during heartbeats.

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Pericardiocentesis

Procedure to remove excess fluid from the pericardial cavity.

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Cardiac tamponade

Excess fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity, compromising heart function.

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Right heart function

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Left heart function

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

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Systole

Contraction phase of the heart cycle.

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Diastole

Relaxation phase of the heart cycle.

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Myocardium

Thick, middle layer of the heart wall, comprised of cardiac muscle.

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Endocardium

Innermost layer of the heart wall; composed of endothelium.

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Epicardium

Outermost layer of the heart wall, part of the visceral pericardium.

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Heart chambers

Four hollow structures (2 atria, 2 ventricles) performing the heart's pumping action.

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Fossa Ovalis

A small oval depression in the right atrium, separating the left and right atria.

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Left Atrium Interior

Large, smooth-walled part of the left atrium, housing pulmonary veins; slightly thicker wall.

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Left Atrial Auricle

Smaller, muscular pouch in the left atrium with pectinate muscles.

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Pulmonary Veins

Four veins carrying oxygenated blood to the left atrium (2 superior, 2 inferior).

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Right Ventricle

Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary trunk.

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Trabeculae Carneae

Muscular ridges in the ventricular walls.

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Papillary Muscles

Finger-like projections in the ventricles that anchor chordae tendineae.

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Chordae Tendineae

Fine strings connecting papillary muscles to valve leaflets.

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Left Ventricle

Thick-walled chamber forming the heart's apex, pumps blood to the aorta.

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Atrioventricular Valves

One-way valves preventing backflow between atria and ventricles.

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Tricuspid Valve

The right AV valve, between right atrium and ventricle.

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Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

Left AV valve, between left atrium and ventricle.

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Semilunar Valves

Prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles.

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Pulmonary Valve

Semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

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Aortic Valve

Semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta.

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Fibrous Skeleton of Heart

Supporting framework for heart valves, insulating atria and ventricles.

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Heart Sounds (Lub-Dup)

Sounds created by valve closure during the cardiac cycle.

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Murmur

Abnormal heart sound caused by faulty valve function.

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Coronary Arteries

Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

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Coronary Sinus

Major heart vein collecting deoxygenated blood.

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Leading cause of death; blockage of coronary arteries.

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Cardiac Conducting System

Specialized cells generating and conducting heart's electrical impulses.

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Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Heart's natural pacemaker generating electrical impulses.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Graphical representation of the heart's electrical activity.

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Cardiac Nerves

Control heart rate; influenced by sympathetic & parasympathetic systems.

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Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle

Striated, branching muscle cells with intercalated discs.

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Study Notes

Pericardium and Heart

  • Pericardium is a fibrous membrane covering the heart and its vessels.
  • Pericardium has layers:
    • Outermost layer is fibrous, inelastic, attached to sternum and diaphragm.
    • Blends with the adventitia (outermost blood vessel layer) of great vessels.
    • Holds heart in mediastinum, limits heart expansion.
  • Inner layer: Serous pericardium
    • Inner layer is glistening, lubricated for free heart movement during contraction.
    • Divided into:
      • Parietal layer: lines inside of cavity
      • Visceral layer: covers heart surface
      • Pericardial cavity: space between these layers with pericardial fluid.
  • Arterial supply and venous drainage and nerve supply of pericardium.
    • Arteries: blood flow away from heart, pericardium artery is primarily from the internal thoracic artery.
    • Veins: pericardiophrenic veins, tributaries of brachiocephalic vein.
    • Nerve supply: primarily from phrenic nerves (C3-C5), referred pain sensations felt on same side shoulder.

Pericardiocentesis

  • Procedure to remove excess fluid from pericardium.
  • Cardiac tamponade: excess fluid or bleeding inside pericardium compromises pumping.
  • Fluid removal: inserting needle near left 5th or 6th intercostal space or xiphoid process.

Heart

  • Double self-adjusting suction and pressure pump.
  • Receives blood from veins, pumps to arteries.
  • Right side receives poorly oxygenated blood from body through SVC and IVC.
  • Pumps through pulmonary trunk and arteries to lungs for oxygenation.
  • Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins, pumps into aorta for distribution to the body.

Heart Chambers and Valves

  • Heart has 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles.
    • Atria are superior chambers, receiving blood from major veins.
    • Ventricles are inferior chambers, pumping blood to major arteries.
  • Valves: prevent backflow during contraction.
    • Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral) regulate flow between atria and ventricles.
    • Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) control flow from ventricles to arteries.

Heart Valves

  • Prevent backflow during contraction.
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral): regulate flow between atria and ventricles
  • Semilunar valves: control flow from ventricles. Valves open and close to allow blood flow to the next chamber.

Heart Wall Layers

  • Heart wall is composed of 3 layers from deep to superficial.
    • Endocardium: thin inner lining of endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue.
    • Myocardium: thick middle layer of cardiac muscle.
    • Epicardium: thin outer layer (mesothelium) made of visceral layer of serous pericardium.

Heart's Electrical Conduction System

  • Specialized cardiac muscle cells generate and conduct electrical impulses.
  • Impulse begins at sinoatrial (SA) node, acts as pacemaker.
  • Impulse travels through internodal pathways, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
  • ECG measures electrical activity of the heart. Deflections correspond to specific phases of cardiac cycle.

Heart Nerves and Plexus

  • Heart rate is altered by brain control.
    • Parasympathetic fibers decrease heart rate.
    • Sympathetic fibers increase heart rate and strength of contraction.
  • Controlled by cardiac centers in the medulla.
  • Microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscles shows striated muscle cells.

Clinical Conditions

  • Dextrocardia: heart positioned on right side of chest.
  • Atrial septal defect (ASD): hole in atrial septum.
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD): hole in ventricular septum. These are congenital defects.
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD): narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries.

Venous Drainage of Heart

  • Cardiac veins collect blood from capillary beds.
  • Great cardiac vein runs in anterior interventricular sulcus.
  • Middle cardiac vein in posterior interventricular sulcus.
  • Small cardiac vein from inferior margin, merging cardiac veins form the coronary sinus which empties into right atrium.

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Pericardium and Heart Anatomy PDF

Description

Explore the structure and function of the pericardium in relation to the heart. This quiz covers the layers of the pericardium, its blood supply, and the nerve connections involved. Test your understanding of how these elements work together to protect and support heart function.

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