Performance Enhancing Drugs
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of ergogenic supplements?

  • Treatment of medical conditions
  • Aiding in recovery
  • Used for enjoyment or leisure purposes
  • Improving performance (correct)

    • What makes a drug or supplement prohibited?

  • Evidence of improving performance
  • Evidence of potential health risks (correct)
  • Evidence of leisure or enjoyment purposes
  • Used for the treatment of medical conditions

    • Which criterion is NOT used to determine if a drug or supplement is prohibited?

  • For leisure or enjoyment purposes (correct)
  • Treatment of medical conditions
  • Improving performance
  • Health risks potential

    • Why do athletes use ergogenic supplements according to the text?

    <p>To enhance performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason athletes might consider taking a prohibited supplement?

    <p>To avoid detection and win competitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an ergogenic supplement?

    <p>Performance improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the World Anti-Doping Agency believe the use of drugs or supplements violates the spirit of the sport?

    <p>Because they provide an unfair advantage to athletes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of high school students are willing to take supplements if they guarantee their goals?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do physicians view ergogenic supplements based on the text?

    <p>Improvement is too small to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in how physicians and athletes view ergogenic supplements according to the text?

    <p>Athletes believe in taking more if some is good, while physicians advise against it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach should be adopted when talking with athletes about ergogenic supplements based on the text?

    <p>Gain the athlete’s trust and understand their goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of high school students are willing to take supplements even if it shortens their life according to the text?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern highlighted regarding the use of ergogenic supplements in the given text?

    <p>Their potential health risks and side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about creatine is true?

    <p>It increases the capacity for high-intensity, short-duration power and endurance training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is described as the most widely consumed drug in the world and is allowed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is considered dangerous and mostly illegal, but often effective?

    <p>Anabolic steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the viewpoint expressed in the text regarding the use of ergogenic supplements in high school students?

    <p>The text expresses concern about the potential health risks and side effects of ergogenic supplement use in high school students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the criteria for prohibiting the use of certain drugs in sports?

    <p>Drugs are prohibited based on their potential health risks and side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of creatine-I mentioned in the text?

    <p>Water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supplement is described as 'dangerous' due to potential side effects like acne, testicular atrophy, and liver cancer in the text?

    <p><strong>Anabolic steroids</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of caffeine consumption as an ergogenic supplement according to the text?

    <p>Reduced fatigue time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is found to have 'no value by itself' and potential side effects like GI and muscle cramping in the text?

    <p><strong>Creatine-II</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes creatine-I from creatine-II based on the information provided?

    <p>Creatine-II is more effective for high-intensity power training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are anabolic steroids difficult to detect in athletes based on the text?

    <p>Athletes use stacking regimens that make them hard to detect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the ban on anabolic-androgenic steroids in professional sports?

    <p>To maintain a level playing field and avoid unfair advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is known for increasing blood flow and has been banned since 2011?

    <p>Arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are ergogenic supplements like creatine popular among athletes in professional sports?

    <p>To improve muscle strength and power output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the use of nitric oxide as an ergogenic supplement?

    <p>It promotes muscle pump without any effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT considered a dangerous supplement and is allowed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)?

    <p>Creatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ergogenic supplements like caffeine primarily impact athletic performance?

    <p>By slowing glycogen depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about professional athletes as role models is most accurate based on the information provided?

    <p>Most professional athletes would be willing to take banned substances if they could win a gold medal and avoid detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of caffeine as an ergogenic supplement?

    <p>To improve reaction time and mental focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about creatine is true?

    <p>Creatine is a naturally occurring substance in the human body and is generally considered safe for use as a supplement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of creatine supplementation for athletes?

    <p>Increased muscle mass and strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about anabolic steroids is true?

    <p>Anabolic steroids are prohibited substances due to their potential for performance enhancement and health risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the criteria mentioned in the text, which of the following statements is true about a drug or supplement being prohibited in sports?

    <p>A drug or supplement is prohibited if it meets two out of the three conditions: performance enhancement, health risks, and potential for abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with taking HMB as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Weight gain and potential muscle tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is NOT mentioned as a dangerous and mostly illegal ergogenic supplement?

    <p>Creatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is sometimes sold as a nutritional supplement despite being banned by the FDA?

    <p>Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable side effect that can be associated with taking Erythropoietin according to the text?

    <p><strong>Rage and depression</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as dangerous and illegal, known for causing side effects like liver cancer and testicular atrophy?

    <p><strong>Anabolic steroids</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is specifically mentioned in the text as being banned by the FDA but still sold as a nutritional supplement?

    <p><strong>Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB)?

    <p>Increase muscle mass by stimulating protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk associated with the use of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Higher risk of stroke and myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is correct?

    <p>It can be converted to estrogen or testosterone, affecting hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of Human Growth Hormone (HGH)?

    <p>It can lead to serious side effects like acromegaly and diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about HMB is true?

    <p>There is no evidence of its effectiveness in improving athletic performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the ban on Erythropoietin (EPO) in professional sports?

    <p>It is considered a form of blood doping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) as an ergogenic supplement?

    <p>Enhances protein synthesis and reduces protein breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Human Growth Hormone (HGH) is true?

    <p>It is a banned substance in professional sports due to its anabolic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Erythropoietin (EPO) as an ergogenic supplement?

    <p>Enhances aerobic endurance by increasing red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is commonly used by athletes to enhance recovery and reduce muscle damage?

    <p>Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is true?

    <p>It is a precursor to testosterone and other hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Trimetazidine (TMZ) as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Improving cardiovascular health by modulating cardiac metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization banned Meldonium in 2016?

    <p>World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the placebo effect of Amphetamines in sports?

    <p>They enhance muscle growth and recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Dimethylamylamine affect athletic performance according to the text?

    <p>By improving reaction time and focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the suspension of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency in 2015 as per the text?

    <p>A high number of positive tests, especially involving Russian athletes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main outcome observed in the 7-day crossover trial with 'OxyRBX' injections?

    <p>A 1.2% improvement in race time during the 'treatment' phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dangerous side effects are associated with amphetamines as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Headaches, sleep loss, and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the 26-year-old male military veteran after taking Dimethylamylamine to boost training?

    <p>Developed rhabdomyolysis with elevated liver enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Meldonium in terms of cellular energy metabolism?

    <p>It promotes fatty acid oxidation and boosts mitochondria activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common side effect associated with Trimetazidine (TMZ) based on the text?

    <p>Increased muscle strength and endurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Trimetazidine (TMZ) from banned ergogenic supplements?

    <p>'TMZ' promotes fatty acid oxidation without stimulating metabolism excessively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances was initially marketed as a dietary supplement but later banned due to its stimulant effects?

    <p>Dimethylamylamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with the use of amphetamines as an ergogenic supplement?

    <p>Potential for addiction and adverse effects on the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances was initially used as a medication for angina but later found to be misused by athletes for its potential performance-enhancing effects?

    <p>Meldonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with the use of Trimetazidine (TMZ) as an ergogenic supplement?

    <p>Interference with glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances was initially marketed as a dietary supplement called 'OxyRBX' but later found to contain a synthetic stimulant?

    <p>Dimethylamylamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with the use of the placebo effect in sports?

    <p>Ethical concerns and potential for deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with creatine-I supplementation?

    <p>Potential side effects like muscle cramping and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is considered 'Sometimes Effective' but also 'Expensive' in the text?

    <p>HMB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with human growth hormone (HGH) supplementation as per the text?

    <p>Liver cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is mentioned as an 'Effective' ergogenic supplement but with potential dangerous effects like 'rage and depression' in the text?

    <p>Anabolic steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is mentioned about Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the text regarding its status?

    <p>Banned by the FDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of creatine supplementation for athletes according to the text?

    <p>Enhanced recovery and increased training intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ergogenic supplements from recreational supplements as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ergogenic supplements are used to improve performance, while recreational supplements are used for enjoyment or leisure purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with inadvertent doping?

    <p>Athletes not being aware of the substances they consume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of 'What’s New and Hot in Ergogenic Supplements' as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The potential dangers of using new and trending ergogenic supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for athletes to stay updated on 'What’s New and Not Hot in Ergogenic Supplements'?

    <p>To stay informed about potentially harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the evolving landscape of ergogenic supplements?

    <p>Continuous development of new substances and formulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'What’s New and Hot in Ergogenic Supplements' from 'What’s New and Not Hot in Ergogenic Supplements'?

    <p>'What’s New and Hot' discusses effective substances, while 'What’s New and Not Hot' cautions against unsafe ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is widely used by female bodybuilders?

    <p>Tamoxifen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is listed as a potential cause of inadvertent doping for women?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is mentioned as potentially improving muscular endurance and being similar to HMB?

    <p>Bovine colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is NOT listed as 'What's New and Not Hot' in the text?

    <p>Sodium phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is associated with a potential risk of liver failure and transplant?

    <p>Anabolic-androgenic steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is mentioned as potentially improving running performance when used as a carbohydrate mouthwash?

    <p>Carbohydrate mouthwash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic among ergogenic, recreational, and therapeutic substances as mentioned in the text?

    <p>They all improve performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ergogenic supplements from recreational supplements according to the text?

    <p>Ergogenic supplements improve performance, while recreational supplements are used for enjoyment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern mentioned in the text regarding the use of ergogenic supplements?

    <p>They can have potential health risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a drug or supplement prohibited as per the conditions mentioned in the text?

    <p>It has evidence of improving performance and causing potential health risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing factor between ergogenic supplements and recreational supplements?

    <p>Recreational supplements are taken for enjoyment, while ergogenic supplements aim to improve performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus when counseling and caring for athletes using ergogenic supplements?

    <p>Minimizing the potential health risks associated with the supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of GW1516, a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor agonist, in the context of genetic engineering for performance enhancement?

    <p>Conversion of type II (fast-twitch) to type I (slow-twitch) muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the microbiome in exercise and performance?

    <p>A higher proportion of Akkermansia Muciniphila is observed in athletes, potentially influencing oxygen extraction and VO2Max.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) in the context of genetic engineering for performance enhancement?

    <p>Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, increasing adenosine availability and blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the microbiome in exercise and performance?

    <p>Probiotics have been shown to ameliorate gastrointestinal permeability and endotoxemia in triathletes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) as a performance-enhancing substance?

    <p>AICAR has been banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2011</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the microbiome in exercise and performance?

    <p>The microbiome composition is primarily influenced by dietary factors, with minimal genetic impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the microbiome in exercise and performance?

    <p>The microbiome can influence energy metabolism and recovery from exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of GW1516, a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor agonist, in the context of genetic engineering for performance enhancement?

    <p>It activates specific genes involved in energy metabolism and endurance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is mentioned as potentially improving muscular endurance and being similar to HMB?

    <p>Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the microbiome in exercise and performance?

    <p>The microbiome can influence energy metabolism and recovery from exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supplements is considered dangerous and mostly illegal, but often effective?

    <p>Human Growth Hormone (HGH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Meldonium in terms of cellular energy metabolism?

    <p>It inhibits the breakdown of fatty acids for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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