12 Questions
What characterizes effortful processing?
Requires deliberation and control
What type of memories are stored in implicit memory?
Procedural memories
What does iconic memory store?
Visual stimuli
What does echoic memory store?
Auditory stimuli
What does the spacing effect suggest about learning events?
Spaced learning enhances long-term memory
How does testing during learning affect later retrieval?
Facilitates retrieval from long-term memory
What refers to the awareness and understanding of one's surroundings?
Perception
Which type of processing begins with the analysis of basic sensory information?
Bottom-up processing
What enables the perception of depth and three-dimensional structure in visual scenes?
Binocular cues
Which memory type is responsible for storing general knowledge and facts about the world?
Semantic memory
What does the spacing effect suggest about the optimal way to learn and retain information?
Learning events should be spaced apart over time
What refers to the phenomenon where new information interferes with the recall of previously learned information?
Retroactive interference
Study Notes
Perception
- Perception refers to awareness of surroundings, sensory analysis, and understanding of events.
Processing
- Effortful processing requires deliberation and control, whereas automatic processing is fast, efficient, and requires little effort.
- Shallow processing focuses on superficial characteristics, whereas deep processing involves meaningful analysis.
- Deep processing is associated with better memory recall.
Memory
- Implicit memory stores procedural memories.
- Iconic memory stores visual stimuli, while echoic memory stores auditory stimuli.
- Semantic memory encompasses general world knowledge and is responsible for storing it.
- Flashbulb memory is characterized by accurate and vivid memory of a dramatic event.
Learning and Retrieval
- The spacing effect suggests that spaced learning enhances long-term memory, whereas massed learning is less effective.
- The testing effect facilitates retrieval from long-term memory.
Perceptual Constancy
- Color constancy refers to perceiving colors as relatively constant.
- Perceptual adaptation involves adjusting to environmental changes.
Types of Processing
- Top-down processing starts with a general idea, whereas bottom-up processing starts with sensory analysis.
Extrasensory Perception
- Extrasensory perception is a paranormal ability that goes beyond the five senses.
Figure-Ground Perception
- Figure-ground perception involves simplifying scenes into main objects and identifying background elements.
Binocular Cues
- Binocular cues perceive depth.
Memory Types
- The spacing effect suggests that learning events are better when spaced apart.
- Retroactive interference occurs when new memories interfere with old memories.
Heuristics
- The availability heuristic relies on the ease with which examples come to mind.
Test your knowledge on perception and sensory processing with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as awareness of surroundings, sensory analysis, extrasensory perception, and figure-ground perception.
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