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Questions and Answers
What is the function of Sertoli cells in the testes?
What is the function of Sertoli cells in the testes?
Which type of testicular tumor is most common in males aged 25-29 years?
Which type of testicular tumor is most common in males aged 25-29 years?
Where do germ cell tumors commonly spread hematogenously?
Where do germ cell tumors commonly spread hematogenously?
What is the classical type of seminoma?
What is the classical type of seminoma?
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Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
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What is the most common solid tumor in males aged 15-35?
What is the most common solid tumor in males aged 15-35?
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Which tumor is likely malignant in adults and contains cellular components derived from 2 or 3 germ layers?
Which tumor is likely malignant in adults and contains cellular components derived from 2 or 3 germ layers?
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Which tumor type is generally highly curable even if advanced?
Which tumor type is generally highly curable even if advanced?
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What does elevated AFP suggest in a testicular tumor?
What does elevated AFP suggest in a testicular tumor?
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What is a characteristic feature of a seminoma based on its pathologic findings?
What is a characteristic feature of a seminoma based on its pathologic findings?
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Which seral marker is commonly abnormal in seminomas?
Which seral marker is commonly abnormal in seminomas?
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Which tumor is associated with classic features such as containing 3 distinct cell types and a mucoid appearance?
Which tumor is associated with classic features such as containing 3 distinct cell types and a mucoid appearance?
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Which germ cell tumor is most likely to be PLAP negative?
Which germ cell tumor is most likely to be PLAP negative?
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Among the listed markers, which one is NOT a characterizing marker of a germ cell tumor with trophoblast differentiation?
Among the listed markers, which one is NOT a characterizing marker of a germ cell tumor with trophoblast differentiation?
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Which chromosome sequences are overrepresented in seminomas?
Which chromosome sequences are overrepresented in seminomas?
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Which feature distinguishes a spermatocytic tumor from classic seminoma?
Which feature distinguishes a spermatocytic tumor from classic seminoma?
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Which germ cell tumor marker is associated with germ cell tumors containing sarcomatous components?
Which germ cell tumor marker is associated with germ cell tumors containing sarcomatous components?
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Which tumor is characterized by containing cytokeratin-positive cells?
Which tumor is characterized by containing cytokeratin-positive cells?
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Which tumor is associated with the presence of large nucleoli and clear cytoplasm?
Which tumor is associated with the presence of large nucleoli and clear cytoplasm?
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What is the most common type of penile neoplasm?
What is the most common type of penile neoplasm?
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Which of the following is NOT a poor prognostic factor for penile squamous cell carcinoma?
Which of the following is NOT a poor prognostic factor for penile squamous cell carcinoma?
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What characterizes Verrucous Carcinoma of the penis?
What characterizes Verrucous Carcinoma of the penis?
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Which variant of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia is most common?
Which variant of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia is most common?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Bowen’s Disease?
What is a distinguishing feature of Bowen’s Disease?
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Which risk factor is associated with the development of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia?
Which risk factor is associated with the development of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia?
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What is the treatment approach for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis?
What is the treatment approach for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis?
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Which of the following architectural patterns describes the Warty variant of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia?
Which of the following architectural patterns describes the Warty variant of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia?
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What is a common risk factor for developing Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
What is a common risk factor for developing Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
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Which of the following is a poor prognostic factor for seminoma?
Which of the following is a poor prognostic factor for seminoma?
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Which seral marker is abnormal in some seminomas and correlates with overall tumor burden?
Which seral marker is abnormal in some seminomas and correlates with overall tumor burden?
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Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of spermatocytic tumors compared to classic seminomas?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of spermatocytic tumors compared to classic seminomas?
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Which chromosomal sequences are overrepresented in seminomas?
Which chromosomal sequences are overrepresented in seminomas?
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Which tumor type presents with cytokeratin-negative and Placental alkaline phosphatase-positive findings?
Which tumor type presents with cytokeratin-negative and Placental alkaline phosphatase-positive findings?
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Which tumor is characterized by the presence of large nuclei, clear cytoplasm, and prominent nucleoli?
Which tumor is characterized by the presence of large nuclei, clear cytoplasm, and prominent nucleoli?
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Which seral marker is commonly elevated in germ cell tumors with yolk sac differentiation?
Which seral marker is commonly elevated in germ cell tumors with yolk sac differentiation?
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Which tumor exhibits a homogenous gray-white appearance with lobulated and bulging surfaces?
Which tumor exhibits a homogenous gray-white appearance with lobulated and bulging surfaces?
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Which factor is NOT a known poor prognostic factor for spermatocytic tumors?
Which factor is NOT a known poor prognostic factor for spermatocytic tumors?
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Which marker is NOT commonly associated with germ cell tumors with trophoblast differentiation?
Which marker is NOT commonly associated with germ cell tumors with trophoblast differentiation?
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What is the most common seral marker for seminoma?
What is the most common seral marker for seminoma?
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Which chromosome sequences are overrepresented in seminomas?
Which chromosome sequences are overrepresented in seminomas?
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Which tumor is NOT associated with large nucleoli and clear cytoplasm according to its pathologic findings?
Which tumor is NOT associated with large nucleoli and clear cytoplasm according to its pathologic findings?
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Which tumor type is NOT examined for cytokeratin according to the text?
Which tumor type is NOT examined for cytokeratin according to the text?
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Which tumor is characterized by variable cell sizes ranging from lymphocyte size to giant cells?
Which tumor is characterized by variable cell sizes ranging from lymphocyte size to giant cells?
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Which tumor presents with a mucoid, edematous appearance and contains three distinct cell types?
Which tumor presents with a mucoid, edematous appearance and contains three distinct cell types?
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Which tumor marker is associated with germ cell tumors containing sarcomatous components?
Which tumor marker is associated with germ cell tumors containing sarcomatous components?
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Which tumor does NOT exhibit a prominent nucleoli as part of its pathologic findings?
Which tumor does NOT exhibit a prominent nucleoli as part of its pathologic findings?
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Which tumor is associated with cytokeratin positivity?
Which tumor is associated with cytokeratin positivity?
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Which marker is overexpressed in seminomas and correlates with overall tumor burden?
Which marker is overexpressed in seminomas and correlates with overall tumor burden?
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What is the role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
What is the role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
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Which nodes are NOT involved in the lymphatic spread of germ cell tumors?
Which nodes are NOT involved in the lymphatic spread of germ cell tumors?
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What is a common risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
What is a common risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
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Which histologic tumor type arises from seminiferous epithelium?
Which histologic tumor type arises from seminiferous epithelium?
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What type of cells initiate spermatogenesis in the testes?
What type of cells initiate spermatogenesis in the testes?
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Which syndrome is NOT a known risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
Which syndrome is NOT a known risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
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Where do germ cell tumors commonly spread hematogenously?
Where do germ cell tumors commonly spread hematogenously?
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Which tumor type is highly curable even if advanced?
Which tumor type is highly curable even if advanced?
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Which cell type is located in the interstitial tissue of the testes and is endocrine in nature?
Which cell type is located in the interstitial tissue of the testes and is endocrine in nature?
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Which type of testicular tumor is associated with elevated AFP suggestive of yolk sac tumor components?
Which type of testicular tumor is associated with elevated AFP suggestive of yolk sac tumor components?
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What is the most common type of spread for testicular tumors to the lymph nodes?
What is the most common type of spread for testicular tumors to the lymph nodes?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
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Where do germ cell tumors most commonly spread hematogenously?
Where do germ cell tumors most commonly spread hematogenously?
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Which type of spread is typical for testicular tumors to abdominal and thoracic nodes but not the inguinal nodes?
Which type of spread is typical for testicular tumors to abdominal and thoracic nodes but not the inguinal nodes?
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What is the major function of Leydig cells in the testes?
What is the major function of Leydig cells in the testes?
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Which type of tumor is characterized by being bilateral and is considered classical seminoma?
Which type of tumor is characterized by being bilateral and is considered classical seminoma?
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What is the typical histologic origin of germ cell tumors?
What is the typical histologic origin of germ cell tumors?
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Which of the following risk factor is associated with the highest risk of developing a testicular germ cell tumor?
Which of the following risk factor is associated with the highest risk of developing a testicular germ cell tumor?
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What is the most common penile neoplasm characterized by low education and high poverty areas?
What is the most common penile neoplasm characterized by low education and high poverty areas?
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Which variant of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia presents with papillary growth?
Which variant of Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia presents with papillary growth?
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Which tumor type is characterized by being HPV negative and does not exhibit P16 overexpression?
Which tumor type is characterized by being HPV negative and does not exhibit P16 overexpression?
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Which type of tumor is associated with the presence of atypical squamous cells, large hyperchromatic irregular nuclei, and abnormal keratinization?
Which type of tumor is associated with the presence of atypical squamous cells, large hyperchromatic irregular nuclei, and abnormal keratinization?
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Which neoplasm penetrates through the lamina propria with a broad base and pushing borders, leading to an excellent prognosis?
Which neoplasm penetrates through the lamina propria with a broad base and pushing borders, leading to an excellent prognosis?
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Which pathological finding is NOT associated with Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia?
Which pathological finding is NOT associated with Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia?
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Which gene is degraded and inactivated in the pathogenesis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis?
Which gene is degraded and inactivated in the pathogenesis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis?
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What is the treatment approach for Bowen’s Disease characterized by sharply marginated erythematous, scaly patches?
What is the treatment approach for Bowen’s Disease characterized by sharply marginated erythematous, scaly patches?
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Which tumor presents with mucoid, edematous appearance, containing three distinct cell types and has a good prognosis?
Which tumor presents with mucoid, edematous appearance, containing three distinct cell types and has a good prognosis?
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What is a common risk factor for developing Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
What is a common risk factor for developing Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
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Which marker is overexpressed in Verrucous Carcinoma of the penis and may help differentiate it from another type of neoplasm?
Which marker is overexpressed in Verrucous Carcinoma of the penis and may help differentiate it from another type of neoplasm?
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What is a distinguishing pathological feature of Bowen’s Disease?
What is a distinguishing pathological feature of Bowen’s Disease?
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In Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia, which variant is known for its papillary growth?
In Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia, which variant is known for its papillary growth?
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Which of the following is a poor prognostic factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis?
Which of the following is a poor prognostic factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the penis?
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What is a risk factor commonly associated with HPV-related penile neoplasms?
What is a risk factor commonly associated with HPV-related penile neoplasms?
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What characterizes Verrucous Carcinoma of the penis in terms of growth?
What characterizes Verrucous Carcinoma of the penis in terms of growth?
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Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for Bowen’s Disease?
Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for Bowen’s Disease?
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Which cell abnormality is characteristic of penile tumors with a poor prognosis?
Which cell abnormality is characteristic of penile tumors with a poor prognosis?
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Study Notes
Testicular Tumors
- 30-50% of testicular germ cell tumors are seminomas, also present in mediastinum, pineal gland (germinoma), and retroperitoneum
- 3 elevations in serum: PLAP (placental alkaline phosphatase), LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase), and hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
- Overrepresentation of 12p chromosome sequences, probably KRAS, CCND2, and NANOG
Seminoma Pathologic Findings
- Homogenous well demarcated gray-white with lobulated and bulging cut surface
- Uniform tumor cells with clear cytoplasm (glycogen contents)
- Prominent cell border, large nuclei, and prominent nucleoli
- PLAP (+), Cytokeratin (-), and AFP (normal)
Spermatocytic Tumor
- NOT related to classic seminoma, does NOT arise from intratubular germ cell neoplasia
- Treatment: Orchiectomy
- Poor prognostic factor: Sarcomatous components
- PLAP (-), hCG (-), and AFP (-)
- Pathologic findings: Pale gray, mucoid, edematous, contains 3 cell types (varying from lymphocyte size to giant cells)
Choriocarcinoma
- Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast
- PLAP (+), Cytokeratin (+), and hCG
Testicular Anatomy
- Tunica vaginalis: extension of peritoneal cavity
- Tunica albuginea: fibrous capsule extending into testis, separates into lobules
- Tunica vasculosa: Vascular layer
- Histology of Testes:
- Spermatogenic cells: initiate spermatogenesis
- Sertoli cells: Located in seminiferous tubules
- Leydig cells: In interstitial tissue, endocrine in nature
Penile and Testicular Tumors
- Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN): Intraepithelial squamous cell atypia
- Four variants: Differentiated, Warty, Basaloid, and Warty basaloid
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Most common penile neoplasms, low education, high poverty areas
- Risk factors: Long inner foreskin, HPV, Lichen sclerosis
- Types: Bowen's Dz (in situ), Verrucous Carcinoma
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Description
Learn about Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) in penile tumors, including associated risk factors and pathogenesis. Discover the variants of PeIN and common characteristics of these penile neoplasms.
