Pengukuran dalam Penelitian

Types of Measurement

• Qualitative measurement: involves assigning a descriptive label or category to a phenomenon (e.g., happy, sad, tall, short)
• Quantitative measurement: involves assigning a numerical value to a phenomenon (e.g., height in inches, weight in pounds)

Scales of Measurement

• Nominal scale: categorical labels with no inherent order or numerical value (e.g., male/female, Democrat/Republican)
• Ordinal scale: categorical labels with a natural order or ranking (e.g., high/medium/low, first/second/third)
• Interval scale: numerical values with equal intervals between units (e.g., temperature in Celsius, IQ scores)
• Ratio scale: numerical values with a true zero point and equal intervals between units (e.g., height in inches, weight in pounds)

Measurement Properties

• Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value
• Precision: how close repeated measurements are to each other
• Reliability: how consistent a measurement is across different observers or instruments
• Validity: how well a measurement reflects the concept it is intended to measure

Measurement Errors

• Systematic error: a consistent deviation from the true value (e.g., a faulty instrument)
• Random error: an unpredictable deviation from the true value (e.g., human error)

Measurement Tools

• Instruments: devices or tools used to make measurements (e.g., rulers, thermometers, survey questions)
• Observations: direct or indirect observations of a phenomenon (e.g., watching a behavior, reviewing a document)

Measurement Applications

• Scientific research: to test hypotheses and theories
• Evaluation: to assess the effectiveness of a program or intervention
• Quality control: to ensure consistency and quality in a product or process
• Healthcare: to diagnose and monitor medical conditions