Pengukuran dalam Penelitian

Study Notes

Qualitative measurement: involves assigning a descriptive label or category to a phenomenon (e.g., happy, sad, tall, short)
Quantitative measurement: involves assigning a numerical value to a phenomenon (e.g., height in inches, weight in pounds)

Nominal scale: categorical labels with no inherent order or numerical value (e.g., male/female, Democrat/Republican)
Ordinal scale: categorical labels with a natural order or ranking (e.g., high/medium/low, first/second/third)
Interval scale: numerical values with equal intervals between units (e.g., temperature in Celsius, IQ scores)
Ratio scale: numerical values with a true zero point and equal intervals between units (e.g., height in inches, weight in pounds)

Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision: how close repeated measurements are to each other
Reliability: how consistent a measurement is across different observers or instruments
Validity: how well a measurement reflects the concept it is intended to measure

Systematic error: a consistent deviation from the true value (e.g., a faulty instrument)
Random error: an unpredictable deviation from the true value (e.g., human error)

Instruments: devices or tools used to make measurements (e.g., rulers, thermometers, survey questions)
Observations: direct or indirect observations of a phenomenon (e.g., watching a behavior, reviewing a document)