Questions and Answers
What forms the rectovesical pouch?
In females, what is the relation between the rectum and the uterus?
What is the junction between the anal canal and the rectum?
What is the epithelium lining of the upper part of the anal canal?
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What is the blood supply of the upper part of the anal canal?
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What lies posterior to the anal canal?
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What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?
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What is the relation between the anal canal and the perineal body in males?
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What is the embryological origin of the epithelium of the lower part of the anal canal?
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Which of the following is true about the autonomic innervation of the internal anal sphincter?
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Which of the following is true about the lymphatic drainage of internal hemorrhoids?
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What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?
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What is the location of the bladder when it is empty?
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Which part of the fallopian tube contains fimbriae?
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What is the angle between the vagina and cervix in a normal uterus?
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What is the ligament that connects the ovary to the uterus?
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What is the shape of the cervix in a nulliparous woman?
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What is the embryological origin of the round ligament?
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Which nerve roots provide innervation to the prostate?
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What is the function of the seminal vesicle?
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Which part of the urethra passes through the prostate gland?
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What is the name of the groove on the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra?
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What is the function of the external urethral sphincter muscle?
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Which part of the ductus deferens is part of the spermatic cord?
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What structure is located at the base of the bladder?
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What is the name of the duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?
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What is the primary function of the ovary?
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What is the location of the pubic symphysis?
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What is the purpose of the fluid produced by the prostate gland?
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What is the characteristic of the ovary before puberty?
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What is the location of the ejaculatory duct?
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What is the most common site of prostatic carcinomas?
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What type of muscle surrounds the urethra in females?
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What is the location of the ovary after the first pregnancy?
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Which part of the prostate gland is made up of fibromuscular tissue and lacks glandular tissue?
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What is the function of the fluid produced by the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
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In males, the peritoneum extends from the anterior abdominal wall to which of the following?
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In females, which structure connects the ovary to the pelvic brim?
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What is the name of the pouch formed between the uterus and the bladder in females?
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What is the location of the ovary before the first pregnancy?
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Which part of the rectum does not have peritoneum?
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What is the location of the anal canal?
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What structure runs through the posterior part of the prostate gland?
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What is the relation between the anal canal and the perineal body in females?
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What is the characteristic of the internal sphincter of the anus?
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Which part of the bladder has a superior surface covered with peritoneum?
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What is the function of the ovaries in females?
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What is the blood supply of the upper part of the anal canal?
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What is the embryological origin of the epithelium of the upper part of the anal canal?
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What is the origin of the epithelium of the lower part of the anal canal?
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What is the characteristic of the lymphatic drainage of external hemorrhoids?
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What is the relation between the rectum and the uterus in females?
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What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?
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When is the bladder located in the pelvic cavity?
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What is the main function of the ampulla part of the fallopian tube?
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Which ligament connects the ovary to the uterus?
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What is the normal position of the uterus in relation to the vagina?
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What is the function of the mesosalpinx?
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What is the shape of the cervix in a parous woman?
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What is the path of the round ligament?
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Which part of the male urethra is the shortest?
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What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
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What is the relationship between the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle?
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What is the location of the prostate gland?
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What is the function of the seminal vesicle?
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What is the innervation of the prostate gland?
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What is the relationship between the rectum and the seminal vesicle?
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What is the structure that surrounds the membranous part of the urethra in the male?
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Study Notes
Pelvic Organs
- Peritoneum: In males, it extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the superior surface of the bladder and then to the anterior surface of the rectum, forming the rectovesical pouch. In females, it extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the superior surface of the bladder, then to the anterior, superior, and posterior surface of the uterus, and finally to the upper posterior vagina and the anterior surface of the rectum, forming the vesicouterine pouch and the rectouterine pouch (of Douglas).
Rectum
- Location: Pierces the pelvic diaphragm and is continuous with the anal canal.
- Junction: The junction between the anal canal and rectum is at approximately 80°, due to the puborectalis muscle of the levator ani muscle.
- Upper part: Has peritoneum, whereas the lower part does not.
Anal Canal
- Location: Located in the posterior perineum (anal triangle).
- Relations: Posteriorly related to the anococcygeal ligament, laterally related to the fat in the ischiorectal fossa, and anteriorly related to the perineal body and the bulb of the penis in males, and to the perineal body and the lower part of the vagina in females.
- Upper part: Derived from the distal hindgut, lined with simple columnar epithelium from endoderm, supplied by the superior rectal artery, drained by the superior rectal vein, and innervated by autonomic nerves. Internal hemorrhoids can occur in this region.
- Lower part: Derived from an ectodermal depression, lined with stratified squamous epithelium from ectoderm, supplied by the inferior rectal artery, drained by the inferior rectal vein, and innervated by somatic nerves. External hemorrhoids can occur in this region.
Bladder
- Empty state: Located in the pelvic cavity, and as it fills, it rises into the hypogastric region.
- Parts: Apex, fundus (base), body, and neck.
- Detrusor muscle: Covers the bladder and has parasympathetic innervation from S2-S4.
Male Reproductive Organs
- Urethra: Within the pelvic cavity, with preprostatic and prostatic parts, and within the perineum, with membranous and spongy parts.
- Ductus Deferens: Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and is part of the spermatic cord at its beginning.
- Seminal Vesicle: Relations include the base of the bladder, rectum, ampulla of the ductus deferens, and the inferior part that joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. Contains fructose and nutrients for spermatozoa.
- Prostate: Ejaculatory ducts run through the posterior part, becoming the prostatic urethra. Relations include the neck of the bladder, pubic symphysis, rectum, and levator ani muscle. Zones include the central, transitional, peripheral, and anterior (isthmus) zones.
- Ejaculatory Duct: Runs through the posterior part of the prostate.
Female Reproductive Organs
- Urethra: From the internal urethral orifice (neck of the bladder) to the external (space between the labia minora), surrounded by the external urethral sphincter muscle (voluntary, skeletal muscle).
- Ovary: Produces ova and estrogen/progesterone, with one pole connected to the pelvic brim via the suspensory ligament and peritoneal fold, and the other pole connected to the uterus via the proper ovarian ligament. Before the first pregnancy, the ovary is located in the ovarian fossa, and after the first pregnancy, it is pulled up into the abdominal cavity, taking a variable position in the pelvis.
- Fallopian Tube: Located at the upper part of the broad ligament, with a mesosalpinx between the fallopian tube and ovary, and parts including the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural (uterine) parts.
- Uterus: Parts include the fundus, cervix, and body, with angles, version, and flexion. Normal anteversion and anteflexion occur. Ligaments include the broad ligament, proper ovarian ligament, and round ligament.
Pelvic Organs
- Peritoneum: In males, it extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the superior surface of the bladder and then to the anterior surface of the rectum, forming the rectovesical pouch. In females, it extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the superior surface of the bladder, then to the anterior, superior, and posterior surface of the uterus, and finally to the upper posterior vagina and the anterior surface of the rectum, forming the vesicouterine pouch and the rectouterine pouch (of Douglas).
Rectum
- Location: Pierces the pelvic diaphragm and is continuous with the anal canal.
- Junction: The junction between the anal canal and rectum is at approximately 80°, due to the puborectalis muscle of the levator ani muscle.
- Upper part: Has peritoneum, whereas the lower part does not.
Anal Canal
- Location: Located in the posterior perineum (anal triangle).
- Relations: Posteriorly related to the anococcygeal ligament, laterally related to the fat in the ischiorectal fossa, and anteriorly related to the perineal body and the bulb of the penis in males, and to the perineal body and the lower part of the vagina in females.
- Upper part: Derived from the distal hindgut, lined with simple columnar epithelium from endoderm, supplied by the superior rectal artery, drained by the superior rectal vein, and innervated by autonomic nerves. Internal hemorrhoids can occur in this region.
- Lower part: Derived from an ectodermal depression, lined with stratified squamous epithelium from ectoderm, supplied by the inferior rectal artery, drained by the inferior rectal vein, and innervated by somatic nerves. External hemorrhoids can occur in this region.
Bladder
- Empty state: Located in the pelvic cavity, and as it fills, it rises into the hypogastric region.
- Parts: Apex, fundus (base), body, and neck.
- Detrusor muscle: Covers the bladder and has parasympathetic innervation from S2-S4.
Male Reproductive Organs
- Urethra: Within the pelvic cavity, with preprostatic and prostatic parts, and within the perineum, with membranous and spongy parts.
- Ductus Deferens: Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and is part of the spermatic cord at its beginning.
- Seminal Vesicle: Relations include the base of the bladder, rectum, ampulla of the ductus deferens, and the inferior part that joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. Contains fructose and nutrients for spermatozoa.
- Prostate: Ejaculatory ducts run through the posterior part, becoming the prostatic urethra. Relations include the neck of the bladder, pubic symphysis, rectum, and levator ani muscle. Zones include the central, transitional, peripheral, and anterior (isthmus) zones.
- Ejaculatory Duct: Runs through the posterior part of the prostate.
Female Reproductive Organs
- Urethra: From the internal urethral orifice (neck of the bladder) to the external (space between the labia minora), surrounded by the external urethral sphincter muscle (voluntary, skeletal muscle).
- Ovary: Produces ova and estrogen/progesterone, with one pole connected to the pelvic brim via the suspensory ligament and peritoneal fold, and the other pole connected to the uterus via the proper ovarian ligament. Before the first pregnancy, the ovary is located in the ovarian fossa, and after the first pregnancy, it is pulled up into the abdominal cavity, taking a variable position in the pelvis.
- Fallopian Tube: Located at the upper part of the broad ligament, with a mesosalpinx between the fallopian tube and ovary, and parts including the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural (uterine) parts.
- Uterus: Parts include the fundus, cervix, and body, with angles, version, and flexion. Normal anteversion and anteflexion occur. Ligaments include the broad ligament, proper ovarian ligament, and round ligament.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of pelvic organs, including the peritoneum and its relations in both males and females.