Hematopoiesis
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Questions and Answers

Di mana perkembangan sel limfoid primer terjadi?

  • Di limpa dan MALT
  • Di limfonodi dan darah tepi
  • Di hati dan limpa
  • Di sumsum tulang dan timus (correct)

Apa fungsi utama sumsum tulang dalam hematopoiesis?

  • Menghasilkan antibodi
  • Memberi pasokan sel darah yang matang ke sirkulasi (correct)
  • Menghancurkan sel darah yang sudah tua
  • Menyimpan sel darah yang tidak terpakai

Apa yang terjadi ketika terjadi kelainan hematologis?

  • Hematopoiesis hanya terjadi di limpa
  • Hematopoiesis ekstramedular dilokalisasi ke hati (correct)
  • Produksi sumsum tulang menurun secara keseluruhan
  • Sumsum tulang tidak dapat berproduksi

Dari mana Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) berasal?

<p>Berkembang dari stem cell pluripoten (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa peran sitokin atau growth factors dalam hematopoiesis?

<p>Mencegah apoptosis dan memfasilitasi diferensiasi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang terjadi pada sel tua ketika mereka tidak mampu keluar dari limpa?

<p>Sel mengalami pembengkakan dan menjadi sferositik. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Berapa jumlah molekul oksigen yang dapat dibawa oleh satu molekul hemoglobin?

<p>4 molekul (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa bentuk akhir dari CO2 yang dibawa oleh eritrosit setelah proses dengan air?

<p>H+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bagaimana besi disimpan dalam sel jika terjadi kelebihan di sirkulasi?

<p>Dalam bentuk ferritin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang terjadi pada kompleks heme saat destruksi eritrosit?

<p>Diubah menjadi bilirubin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan granulosit?

<p>Sel yang memiliki granula pada sitoplasma dan nukleus bersegmen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa saja jenis granulosit yang terdapat dalam darah?

<p>Neutrofil, eosinofil, basofil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Di mana granulosit berkembang?

<p>Di sumsum tulang (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang terjadi pada sel neutrofil selama perkembangannya?

<p>Ukuran mengecil dan nukleus tersegmentasi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Berapa jumlah leukosit normal dalam darah tepi?

<p>4.5-11.5 ribu/mm3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa proses yang terjadi selama hematopoiesis?

<p>Renewal, proliferasi, diferensiasi, dan maturasi seluruh lini sel darah (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Di mana fase mesoblastik hematopoiesis terjadi?

<p>Di yolk sac (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang mulai diproduksi pada fase hepatik hematopoiesis?

<p>Granulosit, monosit, dan megakariosit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Di mana hematopoiesis utama terjadi pada fase medullary?

<p>Di sumsum tulang (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selama perkembangan umur, bagian mana dari tulang yang terus menjadi lokasi hematopoiesis?

<p>Hanya tulang trunkus dan kranium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang terjadi dengan sel yang matang segera setelah pembentukannya di sumsum tulang?

<p>Dilepaskan ke dalam mikrosirkulasi darah (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apakah yang dihasilkan di fase hepatik hematopoiesis?

<p>Hb Fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang mengatur proses hematopoiesis?

<p>Hormon dan sitokin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa fungsi dari eritropoietin (EPO)?

<p>Mencegah apoptosis progenitor eritroid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Di mana proses eritropoiesis terjadi?

<p>Di marrow tulang (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang terjadi pada kadar EPO ketika ketersediaan oksigen menurun?

<p>Meningkatkan produksi EPO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan pronormoblast?

<p>Sel yang berukuran besar dengan sitoplasma biru gelap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Berapa lama masa maturasi dari BFU-E hingga menjadi RBC?

<p>18-21 hari (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa karakteristik eritrosit yang sudah matang?

<p>Ukuran 6-8 mikrometer dan berbentuk bikonkaf (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang akan terjadi dengan sel eritrosit yang sudah tua?

<p>Tidak mampu menghasilkan enzim katabolik (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dari mana sumber eritropoietin (EPO) disintesis?

<p>Dari sel ginjal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Definition

The process of creating, growing, changing, and maturing all blood cell types. This continuous process is regulated by hormones and signaling molecules. The end result is the production of mature blood cells that are released into the bloodstream from the bone marrow.

Hematopoiesis Location: Mesoblastic Phase

Early blood cell formation in the yolk sac during early embryonic development. Early red blood cells and blood vessels are formed here.

Hematopoiesis Location: Hepatic Phase

Blood cell formation occurs in the liver from the second to seventh months of pregnancy, increasing production of certain blood cell types and hemoglobin types (fetal Hemoglobin).

Hematopoiesis Location: Medullary Phase

The main site of blood cell production from the fourth to fifth months of pregnancy, lasting until adulthood. Occurs in the bone marrow.

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Bone Marrow Locations: Throughout Childhood

Infant bones contain marrow that makes blood. As humans age, some bone marrow transitions to storing fats. Only certain bones actively produce blood cells in adulthood.

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Adult Hematopoietic Tissue

Blood cells develop outside bone marrow sinuses and mature cells are released into the circulatory system.

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Lymphoid cell development

Lymphoid cells develop in primary (bone marrow and thymus) and secondary (spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT) lymphoid tissues.

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Bone Marrow Role

Bone marrow is responsible for producing mature blood cells, boosting blood cell production if needed, and compensating for decreased blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) by activating extramedullary hematopoiesis (in other organs like liver and spleen).

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Hematopoiesis location

Primary location is bone marrow, but can shift to other organs (extramedullary) under certain conditions.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)

These are the pluripotent stem cells that give rise to all types of blood cells.

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Common Lymphoid Progenitor

A progenitor cell that differentiates into lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and dendritic cells.

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Common Myeloid Progenitor

A progenitor cell that creates granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes.

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Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis by stimulating differentiation, preventing apoptosis, and influencing mature cell function.

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Myelopoiesis

The process of producing granulocytes (cells with granules in their cytoplasm) and monocytes (cells with a non-segmented nucleus) in bone marrow.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell production in the bone marrow, regulated by erythropoietin (EPO).

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone produced primarily in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis).

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Granulocytes

A type of white blood cell that contains granules in its cytoplasm.

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CFU-E

Colony-forming unit erythroid; an early stage in red blood cell development sensitive to EPO.

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Lymphopoiesis

The creation of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues.

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Pronormoblast

Large, immature red blood cell precursor characterized by a large blue cytoplasm and centrally located nucleus.

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Normal Leukocyte Count

The healthy range of white blood cells (leukocytes) in blood is 4.5-11.5 thousand per cubic millimeter.

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Maturation of RBCs

The process of red blood cell development, characterized by shrinking cell size, increasing hemoglobin production (pink cytoplasm), and loss of nucleus.

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Neutrophils

A type of granulocyte, a key component of the body's defense systems.

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Reticulocyte

Immature red blood cell stage containing RNA and still capable of hemoglobin synthesis, a transitional state before maturity.

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Granulopoiesis

The production of granulocytes within the bone marrow.

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Neutrophil Development Stages

Neutrophils go through stages: stem cell pool, proliferation pool, and maturation pool before entering circulation.

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Bone marrow

The primary site of blood cell production, including red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis).

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Neutrophil shape

Mature neutrophil cells have segmented nuclei and a darker cytoplasm due to less RNA, while immature neutrophils have a rod-like or "band" appearance.

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Oxygen and EPO levels

Kidney detects oxygen levels; low oxygen stimulates EPO production, increasing the stimulus for erythropoiesis.

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Eritrosit matur

Mature red blood cell; a 6 - 8 micrometer biconcave disc without a nucleus found in the circulation.

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Eritrosit lifespan

120 days. A mature, circulating red blood cell's estimated life span in the bloodstream.

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Erythrocyte Aging

Aging erythrocytes become more permeable to water, causing them to swell, become spherical and rigid. These cells are unable to leave the spleen and are then phagocytosed by macrophages.

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Hemoglobin Structure

Hemoglobin is a tetramer comprised of 2 pairs of polypeptide chains. It is made up of heme + globin. Its function is to bind and carry oxygen to the tissues. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules.

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Hemoglobin Function (CO2)

CO2 diffuses into red blood cells, combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then converts to bicarbonate (HCO3-) and H+ ions. The H+ ions are transported.

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Heme Composition

Heme is composed of a porphyrin ring and an iron ion (Fe2+).

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Globin Structure

The globin chain consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains (HbA - common in adults).

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HbF

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF: alpha 2 gamma 2) is dominant in fetuses and newborns.

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HbA2

HbA2 (alpha 2 delta 2) is present from birth to adulthood, but in low amounts.

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Iron Absorption

Iron is absorbed into enterocytes as Fe2+ and transported to circulation by ferroportin. In circulation, iron is in the Fe3+ form and bound to transferrin (2 Fe3+ per 1 transferrin).

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Iron Storage

Excess iron is stored as ferritin within cells.

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Extravascular Hemolysis

Red blood cell destruction mediated by macrophages (primarily).

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Intravascular Hemolysis

Red blood cell destruction due to mechanical causes (e.g., in the bloodstream).

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Heme Breakdown

During red blood cell destruction, heme is broken down into bilirubin, and globin is broken down into amino acids.

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White Blood Cells

Leukocytes are white blood cells (WBCs) and their development is divided into different stages.

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Study Notes

Hematopoiesis

  • Definisi: Proses pembaruan, proliferasi, diferensiasi, dan pematangan semua sel darah. Proses ini berlangsung terus menerus dan diatur oleh hormon dan sitokin.
  • Hasil akhir: Pembentukan sel darah yang sesuai dengan perkembangan dan spesialisasi fungsinya, yang dilepaskan dari sumsum tulang ke aliran darah.

Lokasi Hematopoiesis

  • Fase Mesoblastik (Hematopoiesis Primitif):

    • Terjadi di kantong kuning telur (Yolk Sac).
    • Sel mesoderm bermigrasi ke kantong kuning telur.
    • Pembentukan eritroblast primitif dan hemoglobin primitif di rongga tengah kantong kuning telur.
    • Pembentukan sel punca hematopoietik (Hematopoietic Stem Cell) dari sel mesoderm yang bermigrasi.

  • Fase Hepatik:

    • Terjadi pada bulan ke-2 hingga ke-7 kehamilan.
    • Mulai diproduksinya granulosit, monosit, dan megakariosit.
    • Limfonodi, limpa dan timus mulai memproduksi eritrosit dan limfosit; dan dihasilkannya Hb F.
    • Proses pembentukan sel darah terjadi di luar pembuluh darah (ekstravaskuler).
    • Lambat laun, aktivitas pembentukan sel darah berkurang dan digantikan oleh sumsum tulang.

  • Fase Meduler (Myeloid):

    • Terjadi pada bulan ke-4 dan ke-5 kehamilan.
    • Sumsum tulang menjadi lokasi utama pembentukan sel darah.
    • Proses ini berlanjut sampai dewasa.
    • Terbentuknya Hb A.

  • Jaringan Dewasa:

    • Sumsum tulang merupakan lokasi utama.
    • Bagian tulang rawan (vertebra, tulang rusuk, tulang dada, panggul, tulang pinggul).
    • Tulang tengkorak
    • Bagian atas tulang paha.

  • Jaringan Matang Dewasa:

    • Sel darah terbentuk di luar sinus sumsum tulang.
    • Sel punca dilepas menuju sirkulasi darah.
    • Sel yang ditemukan: eritroid, mieloid, megakariositik dan limfoid.
    • Perkembangan sel limfoid terjadi di:
      • Jaringan limfoid primer (sumsum tulang dan timus).
      • Jaringan limfoid sekunder (limpa, kelenjar getah bening dan jaringan limfoid terkait mukus).

Eritropoiesis

  • Terjadi di sumsum tulang.
  • Diatur oleh hormon eritropoietin (EPO) yang diproduksi di ginjal.
  • Dimulai dengan sel punca pluripoten yang berdiferensiasi menjadi CFU-E (colony forming unit eritroid).
  • CFU-E mengalami pematangan melalui beberapa tahap (pronormoblast, basofil normoblast, polikromatik normoblast, ortokromatik normoblast, retikulosit dan eritrosit matang).
  • Sel matang, dilepaskan ke pembuluh darah dengan kadar oksigen yang memadai.

Leukopoiesis

  • Granulopoiesis: Proses pembentukan granulosit (sel darah putih bergranula).

    • Neutrofil
      • Sel yang berperan dalam respon imun bawaan.
      • Fagosit, menghancurkan mikroorganisme dan benda asing.
      • Memiliki 3 pool sel: sel induk, proliferasi dan pematangan.
    • Eosinofil
      • Berperan dalam reaksi alergi dan parasit.
      • Menunjukkan peningkatan pada alergi dan parasit.
      • Memiliki dua atau tiga lobus.
    • Basofil
      • Bereaksi dengan alergi dan peradangan.
      • Memiliki sedikit perbandingan.
      • Memiliki lobus.

  • Mononuklear Sel: Proses pembentukan monosit dan limfosit (sel darah putih tanpa granula).

    • Monosit
      • Berperan sebagai makrofag.
      • Fagosit, menghilangkan jaringan yang rusak dan sel mati.
      • Berdiferensiasi menjadi makrofag di jaringan.
    • Limfosit
      • Berperan dalam respons imun yang diperantarai sel.
      • Sel B menghasilkan antibodi.
      • Sel T terbagi menjadi sel T helper dan sel T sitotoksik.

Trombopoiesis

  • Proses pembentukan trombosit (keping darah).
  • Terjadi di sumsum tulang.
  • Diatur oleh trombopoietin (TPO).
  • Megakariosit, sel besar dalam sumsum tulang yang mengalami pembelahan sel untuk membentuk trombosit.
  • Trombosit tidak ditemukan di sumsum tulang dan berusia 7-10 hari dalam sirkulasi.

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