Pediatrics

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Questions and Answers

Sores rupture, ooze, then turn ______ -brown

yellow

Children aged ______-5 are at risk for certain infections.

2

Cleft lip repair is typically performed at ______-6 months.

3

The three C's of TEF are coughing, choking, and ______.

<p>cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyloric stenosis occurs in infants between ______ - 6 months.

<p>birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post-operative care for esophageal atresia includes monitoring for ______.

<p>dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Essentials for feeding infants with cleft conditions use the acronym ______.

<p>ESSR</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three H's of peds on why they code are hypoxia, hypothermia, and ______.

<p>hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of hypoxia include difficulty eating, sternal retractions, and nares ______.

<p>flaring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nursing interventions for TEF include ensuring the infant is ______.

<p>NPO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants and children should have a urinary output of ______ mL/kg/hr.

<p>1-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proper hygiene and ______ precautions are important for managing skin sores.

<p>contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who are immunocompromised should not receive live vaccines like ______, measles/mumps/rubella, and rotavirus.

<p>Varicella-zoster</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with cleft lip/palate are at increased risk for ______ media.

<p>otitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before administering the flu shot or MMR vaccine, it is important to ask if the patient has an allergy to ______.

<p>eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rubeola, or measles, is characterized by a high contagious rash and Koplik's ______.

<p>spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rubella is also known as ______ measles and is characterized by a rash that starts on the face.

<p>German</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pertussis, also known as ______ cough, is marked by uncontrollable coughing and respiratory distress.

<p>whooping</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutropenic precautions include avoiding contact with sick people and those who have received recent ______.

<p>vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

To prevent otitis media, it is recommended to feed an infant in an ______ position.

<p>upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

Causes forceful vomiting → dehydration. Treated with ______ - pyloromyotomy.

<p>surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intussusception is when part of the intestine telescopes inside ______, resulting in obstruction.

<p>another</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hirschsprung’s Disease is characterized by the absence of ______ cells in the colon and rectum.

<p>ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reye Syndrome can occur due to aspirin use after a viral ______.

<p>infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children born from HIV positive mothers should receive ______ treatment.

<p>antiretroviral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemophilia is characterized by the inability to form ______.

<p>clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epiglottitis is a medical emergency that causes airway ______.

<p>obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bronchiolitis is typically caused by ______ and characterized by thick secretions.

<p>RSV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cystic Fibrosis causes secretions to be thicker and ______.

<p>stickier</p> Signup and view all the answers

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) occurs when the heart is unable to meet the demands of the ______.

<p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kawasaki Disease causes damage to vessels, mucus membranes, lymph nodes, and ______.

<p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The symptoms of Rheumatic Fever can include SOB, chest pain, fever, and ______ joint pain.

<p>migratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with Hydrocephalus may show signs of ______ pressure such as increased BP and decreased HR.

<p>intracranial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cerebral Palsy is characterized by neuromuscular issues, which can include ______ movements.

<p>involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect that occurs when the spinal cord fails to form ______.

<p>properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypospadias involves an opening of the urethra located on the ventral side of the ______.

<p>penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants should be exclusively breastfed from birth to ______ months.

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dimple at the base of the spine can be a symptom of ______ Bifida.

<p>Spina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cow’s milk is considered appropriate to give at ______ year old.

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with Kawasaki Disease may present with symptoms like strawberry ______.

<p>tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pediatric 3 Hs

Hypoxia, Hypothermia, and Hypoglycemia are critical factors to monitor in pediatric patients.

Hypoxia symptoms in peds

Difficulty eating, sternal retractions, and flaring nostrils are common symptoms of hypoxia in infants and children.

Pediatric Urine Output

Normal urine output for infants and children is 1-2 mL/kg/hr.

Immunocompromised peds' vaccines

Immunocompromised children should avoid live vaccines (e.g., varicella, measles/mumps/rubella, rotavirus, yellow fever).

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Allergy check before flu shot

Always ask about egg allergies before administering the flu shot and MMR vaccine to children.

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Pediatric immunization

Child with a cold can still receive needed immunizations.

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Otitis Media S/sx

Signs of otitis media include fever, pulling at the ear, enlarged lymph nodes and possible ear discharge.

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Lead Poisoning Screening

Assess if a child lives in a home built before 1950 for lead poisoning risk. Blood lead levels >5 mcg/dL require follow-up.

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Varicella (Chickenpox)

Chickenpox is a viral disease causing itchy skin lesions. Airborne precautions are needed.

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Neutropenic Precautions

Prevent exposure to infections by avoiding sick people, and large crowds. No certain foods for a period.

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Impetigo

A skin infection, common in children, characterized by sores that rupture, ooze, and turn yellow-brown.

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Cleft Lip/Palate

A congenital condition where there's an opening in the roof of the mouth and/or lip due to incomplete tissue fusion.

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Cleft Lip Repair

Surgical procedure to repair a cleft lip, usually done between 3-6 months of age.

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Cleft Palate Repair

Surgical procedure to repair a cleft palate, usually done between 6-24 months of age.

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Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

A congenital disorder where the esophagus doesn't develop fully, often accompanied by an abnormal connection to the trachea (windpipe).

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TEF Symptoms (3 C's)

Coughing, choking, and cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) are common symptoms of TEF.

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Pyloric Stenosis

A narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (muscle between stomach and intestines), mostly affecting infants between birth and 6 months.

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ESSR Feeding

Technique used to assist infants with cleft lip/palate feeding; includes enlargement of the nipple, stimulating infant sucking, facilitating swallowing, and providing rest.

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Contact Precautions

Infection control measures to prevent the spread of contagious diseases through skin contact.

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NPO

Nothing by mouth.

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Intussusception

Part of the intestine telescopes inside another, causing an obstruction.

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Hirschsprung's Disease

Absence of ganglion cells in the colon/rectum, leading to peristalsis problems and obstruction.

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Reye Syndrome

Severe brain and liver damage following a viral infection (especially if aspirin was used).

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Pyloric Stenosis

Narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, causing forceful vomiting.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Inherited blood disorder causing deformed red blood cells, leading to pain and organ damage.

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Leukemia

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow.

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Epiglottitis

Airway obstruction due to swelling of the epiglottis; medical emergency.

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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Heart struggles to meet body's needs.

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Cystic Fibrosis

Inherited disorder with thick secretions, causing lung and digestive problems.

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Bronchiolitis

Respiratory infection (often RSV) causing thick secretions and breathing problems.

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Kawasaki Disease

Systemic vasculitis damaging blood vessels, causing inflammation in various body parts.

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Rheumatic Fever

Inflammatory disease affecting heart, blood vessels, and joints, arising from untreated strep or scarlet fever.

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Cerebral Palsy

Irreversible neuromuscular disorder causing involuntary movements (dyskinesia) or spasticity.

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Hydrocephalus

Abnormal fluid buildup in brain ventricles, causing increased pressure.

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Increased ICP

Elevated intracranial pressure in the brain, causing various symptoms.

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Spina Bifida

Neural tube defect; incomplete closure of the spinal cord.

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Hypospadias

Urethral opening on ventral side of penis, not tip.

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Infant Feeding Regimen

Breastfeeding until 6 months, then introducing solids between 4-6 months.

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Folic Acid

Essential nutrient for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

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Do Not Give Honey

Avoid giving honey to infants under 1 year old due to potential botulism risk.

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Study Notes

Pediatrics - Key Concepts

  • 3 Hs of Pediatric Codes: Hypoxia, Hypothermia, Hypoglycemia

  • Symptoms of Hypoxia: Difficulty eating, sternal retractions, nares flaring

  • Urinary Output: Infants/children should be 1-2 mL/kg/hr

  • Immunizations: Pre-immunization allergy checks (e.g., eggs for flu shot and MMR), ok with colds, HIV considerations (avoid certain live vaccines).

  • Varicella (Chickenpox): Viral disease causing itchy skin lesions, airborne precautions

  • Rubeola (Measles) and Rubella (German Measles): High contagious viral diseases, airborne precautions, measles characterised by rash, Koplik spots, and photophobia.

  • Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Infectious respiratory disease, droplet precautions

  • Neutropenic Precautions: Frequent handwashing, avoiding sick individuals, and potentially large crowds

  • Lead Poisoning: Assess for homes built before 1950's, blood levels >5 mcg/dL require follow-up

  • Otitis Media: Middle ear infection, feed upright/breastfeed, abx, tepid bath, position on affected side, possible tympanostomy tubes

  • Lice: Itchy scalp, red bumps; Use PPE (personal protective equipment), Wood's lamp, pediculicide shampoo, nit comb, daily clothes change

  • Impetigo: Red sores around nose/mouth, caused by bacteria, contact precautions, abx

  • Cleft Lip/Palate: Opening in mouth/lip, cleft lip repair 3-6 months, cleft palate 6-24 months, at risk for otitis/speech

  • Esophageal Atresia (TEF): Congenital abnormality, 3 C's (coughing, choking, cyanosis), NPO, IV fluids

  • Pyloric Stenosis: Swelling of pyloric muscle, forceful vomiting → dehydration, pyloromyotomy (surgery)

  • Intussusception: Telescoping of the intestine, abd pain, currant jelly stools, sausage-shaped mass, IV fluids, barium enema

  • Hirschsprung's Disease: Absence of ganglion cells, no meconium, distended abdomen, ribbon-like stools, bowel cleansing, surgery

  • Kawasaki Disease: Systemic vasculitis, strawberry tongue, rash, high fever, IVIG and aspirin

  • Reye Syndrome: Encephalopathy and hepatic dysfunction; caused by viral infection (flu or chickenpox) and aspirin use.

  • HIV: Children born from infected mothers should receive anti-retroviral treatment.

  • Sickle Cell Anemia: Main interventions include fluids and pain relief.

  • Leukemia: Cancer of blood/bone marrow, may cause epistaxis (bleeding from nose), gums overgrowth, increased WBCs, weakness

  • Hemophilia: X-linked recessive genetic bleeding disorder.

  • Von Willebrand Disease: Genetic bleeding disorder, low levels of von Willebrand factor.

  • Epiglottitis: Medical emergency, airway obstruction, do NOT examine throat, tripod position, airway maintenance, abx

  • Bronchiolitis: Respiratory virus, characterized by thick secretions, cough, rhinorrhea, congestion, tachypnea, wheezing, nasal suctioning

  • Cystic Fibrosis: Autosomal recessive disorder, thick secretions obstruct lungs, digestive system, recurrent respiratory infections, pancreatic enzymes

  • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Inability to meet body's needs for blood flow, daily weights and observing for symptoms (SOB, tachypnea, cyanosis, weight gain, edema).

  • Cyanotic Heart Disease: Decreased blood flow to the body, resulting in bluish discoloration; mixed blood pumped into systemic circulation.

  • Acyanotic Heart Disease: Increased pulmonary blood flow/blockage of blood vessels, no cyanosis

Increased ICP vs. Shock

  • Increased ICP: Increased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, enlarged head circumference.

  • Shock: Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure.

Spina Bifida

  • Neural tube defect, prevention: folic acid, symptoms range from dimple to sac on lumbar

Infant Feeding Regimen

  • Breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months
  • Introduce solid foods at 4-6 months
  • Wait 5-7 days to assess for allergies after introducing new foods
  • Cows milk is ok from 1 year

Nutrition Notes

  • Do not give honey to infants under 1
  • Watch for too much milk (reduces iron)
  • Individuals with PKU: Avoid high protein food

Other Important Points

  • Normal urine output for infants and children: 1-2 mL/kg/hr

  • Do NOT use tongue blade during seizures

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