Pediatric Respiratory System Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants?

Meconium aspiration syndrome

Cystic Fibrosis

Deficiency of surfactant in the lungs (correct)

Congenital pneumonia

What is the composition of meconium?

The infant's first cry

The infant's first stool (correct)

The infant's first breath

The infant's first urine

What is a characteristic of neonates?

Low respiratory rate

Horizontal ribs (correct)

Vertical ribs

High ventilatory response to CO2

What is a consequence of the pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis in the lungs?

Decreased mucus clearing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disorder that Cystic Fibrosis presents as?

Multisystem disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis in the pancreas?

Retention of enzymes in the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of alveoli at birth in a term infant?

20-50 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of collateral ventilation in children?

It helps prevent atelectasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the ribs in an infant?

Horizontal Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of decreased recoil of the infant chest wall?

Increased likelihood of lung collapse in the setting of lung disease Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy generated during diaphragmatic contraction in infants with respiratory distress?

It is wasted through the distortion of the highly compliant rib cage Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of alveoli by the age of 8 years?

300 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of a decrease in water secretion in the intestines?

Thickened mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the failure to thrive in patients with cystic fibrosis?

Malabsorption of nutrients due to intestinal obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of chest physiotherapy in patients with cystic fibrosis?

To promote secretion clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of sputum in patients with cystic fibrosis?

Thick and purulent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis?

Respiratory complications Signup and view all the answers

What conditions can benefit from chest physiotherapy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Paediatric Anatomy and Physiology

Airway is smaller in infants and children
Lungs are not fully developed in infants and children
Cardiac output is less in infants and children
Temperature regulation is poor in infants and children
Fluid balance is not well regulated in infants and children

Development of Respiratory System

Lung and chest wall development occurs from 2-8 years
Alveolization continues beyond infant age, increasing from 20-50 million at birth to 300 million by 8 years
Collateral ventilation through Kohn and Lambert's canal is not well developed in early years, increasing risk of atelectasis
Chest wall orientation changes from horizontal in infancy to downward by 10 years, affecting respiratory function
Decreased recoil of infant chest wall increases risk of lung collapse in lung disease

Intestine and Sweat

Decreased water secretion in intestine leads to thickened mucus
Obstruction of small and large intestines can occur
Sweat has normal volume, but inability to reabsorb NaCl from sweat ducts

Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis

Chronic cough
Recurrent pulmonary infiltrates
Viscous, purulent, green sputum
Failure to thrive
Chronic sinusitis
Lung function abnormalities, including small airway disease and hyperinflation
Chest x-ray may show mucus impaction, bronchial cuffing, and bronchiectasis

Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis

Promote clearance of secretions
Control lung infection
Provide adequate nutrition
Prevent intestinal obstruction
Breathing exercises, flutter valves, and chest percussion can be used
Hypertonic saline aerosols can be used to help clear secretions

Chest Physiotherapy (CPT)

Can benefit conditions such as cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, atelectasis, and neuromuscular conditions with respiratory complications
Can help clear secretions, improve lung function, and reduce risk of lung infection

Clinical Presentation of Cystic Fibrosis

Diaphragmatic breathing pattern
Neonates are obligate nasal breathers with high respiratory rate
Very compliant chest wall with horizontal ribs
Ventilatory response to CO2 is reduced
Common respiratory conditions in neonates include hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration syndrome, and congenital pneumonia

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Description

Test your knowledge of pediatric anatomy and physiology, focusing on the respiratory system, airway development, and lung development in infants and children. Learn about the differences in the respiratory system between infants and adults, and how it develops over time.