Pediatric Respiratory Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of bronchospasm in pediatric asthma?

  • Stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
  • Release of histamine from mast cells
  • Inflammation and airway remodeling (correct)
  • Increased parasympathetic tone

    • Which of the following is a characteristic feature of croup?

  • Pulsus paradoxus
  • Purulent sputum production
  • Bilateral wheezing on auscultation
  • Steeple sign on anteroposterior neck radiograph (correct)

    • What is the most common cause of epiglottitis in pediatric patients?

  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (correct)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Influenza A virus

    • Which of the following is a common complication of pneumonia in pediatric patients?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of management in pediatric patients with bronchiolitis?

    <p>Supporting oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of airway remodeling in asthma?

    <p>Thickening of the airway wall and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is overactive in asthma?

    <p>Th2 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eosinophils in asthma pathophysiology?

    <p>Producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and granule proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic component of asthma?

    <p>Multiple genetic variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of air pollution on asthma symptoms?

    <p>Worsens asthma symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in asthma?

    <p>Involved in the early stages of allergic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of respiratory viruses on asthma?

    <p>Triggers asthma exacerbations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of airway inflammation in asthma?

    <p>Chronic inflammation of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cells in asthma pathophysiology?

    <p>Th2 cells promote allergic inflammation, while Th1 cells suppress allergic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of asthma in children worldwide?

    <p>Approximately 6-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition and Prevalence of Asthma in Children

    • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
    • It affects approximately 6-8% of children worldwide.

    Pathophysiology of Asthma

    • Chronic inflammation of the airways leads to airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction.
    • Repeated episodes of inflammation cause airway remodeling, characterized by thickening of the airway wall, fibrosis, and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle.
    • Asthma is associated with an imbalance in the immune response, with an overactive Th2 response and underactive Th1 response.

    Key Players in Asthma Pathophysiology

    • Eosinophils produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and granule proteins, contributing to airway inflammation.
    • Mast cells release histamine and other mediators, involved in the early stages of allergic responses.
    • Th2 cells promote allergic inflammation, while Th1 cells suppress allergic responses.

    Environmental Triggers of Asthma

    • Common allergens include dust mites, cockroaches, pollen, and pet dander.
    • Respiratory viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), can trigger asthma exacerbations.
    • Exposure to air pollution, including ozone and particulate matter, can worsen asthma symptoms.

    Genetic Factors in Asthma

    • Asthma has a strong genetic component, with multiple genetic variants associated with increased risk.
    • Genetic predisposition can interact with environmental factors to increase the risk of developing asthma.
    • In young children, asthma is often associated with viral infections and may resolve spontaneously.
    • In older children, asthma is more likely to be associated with allergic sensitization and airway remodeling.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the pathophysiology and management of common pediatric respiratory disorders, including asthma, bronchiolitis, croup, epiglottitis, and pneumonia.

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