39 Questions
Which of the following is a function of the ureters in the urinary system?
Transporting urine to the bladder
What is the main function of the urinary bladder?
Storing urine
Which condition is characterized by edema formation in nephrotic syndrome?
Fluid retention
What is the primary role of the kidneys in the urinary system?
Producing urine
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What hormone increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting ducts, promoting water reabsorption?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is the effect of renin secretion by the kidneys?
Stimulates aldosterone production
What is the main function of glomerular filtration?
Produce urine
What affects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Arteriole diameters
When do glomerular filtration and absorption reach adult levels in infants?
1-2 years of age
What promotes selective reabsorption of substances by the tubules?
Tubular permeability
What limits the concentration gradient against which sodium can be transported out?
Electrolyte movement
In which age group do urinary tract infections have greater significance?
Infants
What further evaluates suspected renal disease?
Urine and blood tests
What is the amount of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule called?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What regulates red blood cell production, calcium absorption, blood volume, composition, and pH?
Erythropoietin
What is the purpose of retrograde pyelography?
To visualize pelvic calyces, ureters, and bladder before surgery
What does renal angiography visualize?
The renal vascular system
What is the purpose of renal biopsy?
To provide histological and microscopic information about renal disorders
What is the purpose of urodynamics?
To measure bladder functions and identify types of incontinence or urinary retention
What do urine tests of renal function measure?
Physical, chemical, and microscopic properties
What is the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in boys?
1%
What do blood tests of renal function include?
Urea levels
What do renal function tests help in?
Diagnosing and monitoring renal disorders in pediatric patients
What do nurses have specific responsibilities in conducting?
Renal function tests
What information do the tests provide about renal health?
Glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and various markers of renal function
What is essential for the accurate interpretation of pediatric renal function?
Understanding the normal ranges and deviations in urine and blood tests
What is the most accurate method for diagnosing UTIs in young infants?
Suprapubic aspiration
What is the primary source of the most common uropathogens responsible for UTIs in children?
Gastrointestinal tract
Which factor contributes to the increased incidence of UTIs in females?
Short urethra
In newborns and infants, which category has an increased risk of developing UTIs?
Uncircumcised males
What contributes to the rapid establishment of bacteria in the urinary tract, leading to UTI symptoms?
Holding or infrequent voiding patterns
What promotes flushing of the bladder and lowers the concentration of organisms in the urinary tract?
Increased fluid intake
What do studies in adults offer limited evidence for in promoting urinary tract health, including preventing UTIs?
Cranberry products
In children, what varies by age, with infants having lower levels compared to older children and adolescents?
Uric acid levels
What can lead to increased uric acid levels in severe renal disease?
Severe renal disease
What is the most common method for diagnosing UTIs in young infants?
Suprapubic aspiration
Which term is used to describe the presence of bacteria in urine without symptoms?
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
What is the most common uropathogen responsible for UTIs in children?
Escherichia coli
Study Notes
Pediatric Renal Function Tests and Procedures
- Retrograde pyelography involves injecting contrast medium through a ureteral catheter to visualize pelvic calyces, ureters, and bladder, often done before surgery.
- Renal angiography visualizes the renal vascular system, especially for renal arterial stenosis, and may require anesthesia in children.
- Renal biopsy, done under anesthesia, provides histological and microscopic information about renal disorders and helps distinguish between different syndromes.
- Urodynamics is a set of tests to measure bladder functions and identify types of incontinence or urinary retention, often reserved for children with bladder dysfunction.
- Urine tests of renal function measure physical, chemical, and microscopic properties, such as volume, specific gravity, osmolality, appearance, pH, and presence of proteins, glucose, ketones, and cells.
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur in 1% of boys and 1 to 3% of girls, with higher incidence in male infants, especially uncircumcised boys.
- Blood tests of renal function include urea levels, which are elevated in renal disease, with higher levels indicating more severe conditions.
- Renal function tests help in diagnosing and monitoring renal disorders in pediatric patients.
- These tests and procedures require special preparation and observation for potential reactions, especially in children.
- Nurses have specific responsibilities in conducting renal function tests, including urine collection and monitoring for potential complications.
- The tests provide valuable information about renal health, including glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and various markers of renal function.
- Understanding the normal ranges and deviations in urine and blood tests is essential for the accurate interpretation of pediatric renal function.
Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections: Key Points
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can involve the lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) or the upper urinary tract (kidneys).
- UTIs in young infants are diagnosed using suprapubic aspiration or urethral catheterization, as bag urine samples are often inaccurate due to contamination.
- UTI diagnosis requires a sterile specimen, positive urinalysis, and a positive urine culture with specific colony-forming unit (CFU) thresholds.
- Various terms used to describe urinary tract disorders include bacteriuria, asymptomatic bacteriuria, symptomatic bacteriuria, recurrent UTI, persistent UTI, febrile UTI, cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, and urosepsis.
- Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative enteric organisms are the most common uropathogens responsible for UTIs in children, originating in the gastrointestinal tract and migrating to the periurethral area.
- Anatomical and physical factors, such as the short urethra in females and the antibacterial properties of prostatic secretions in males, contribute to the increased incidence of UTIs in females.
- Risk stratification for UTI development in newborns and infants falls into three categories: females, circumcised males, and uncircumcised males, with the latter being at an increased risk, especially in the presence of urinary tract anomalies.
- Holding or infrequent voiding patterns, high postvoid residuals, and altered urine and bladder chemistry can contribute to the rapid establishment of bacteria in the urinary tract, leading to UTI symptoms.
- Increased fluid intake promotes flushing of the bladder and lowers the concentration of organisms, while diuresis enhances the antibacterial properties of the renal medulla.
- Studies in adults offer limited evidence for the value of cranberry products in promoting urinary tract health, including preventing UTIs.
- Uric acid levels in children vary by age, with infants having lower levels compared to older children and adolescents.
- Severe renal disease can lead to increased uric acid levels, while persistent UTI can occur despite antibiotic treatment.
Test your knowledge of pediatric renal function tests and urinary tract infections with this quiz. Explore key points about various tests and procedures, as well as important information about UTIs in pediatric patients.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
