Pediatric Growth and Development Quiz

Pediatric Growth and Development

• Infants (0-12 months):

  • Roll over by 3 months
  • Double birth weight by 6 months
  • Triple birth weight by 1 year

• Toddlers (1-3 years):

  • Involve in care decisions (e.g., cast color)
  • Allow play with safe medical equipment
  • Avoid placing child on parent's lap after 4 years old

• School-aged children (6-12 years):

  • Peer pressure influences behavior
  • Develop logical thinking skills
  • Annual check-ups recommended
  • Direct questions to child, but verify with parent
  • Have child sit on exam table
  • Parents permitted to stay in the room
  • Snellen eye chart used for vision testing

• Adolescents (13+ years):

  • Respect privacy
  • Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion
  • Piaget's formal operational stage (abstract thought)
  • Focus on safety – online, sexual health, driving, sun safety
  • Epstein-Barr Virus: 2-3 weeks no contact sports

Immunizations

• Infants (2, 4, 6 months):

  • Pneumococcal
  • DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)
  • Hep B (Hepatitis B)
  • Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)

• 12 months:

  • MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
  • Varicella (Chickenpox)

Musculoskeletal System Disorders

• Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH):
  • Ortolani test: positive if a click is heard
  • Barlow test: positive if hip pops out
• Compartment Syndrome:
  • Emergency
  • Pain, swelling, no perfusion, paralysis
  • Casts can be a cause

Neurological System Disorders

• Autism Spectrum Disorder:
  • Repetitive behaviors (hand flapping, slapping)
  • Lack of eye contact
  • Dislike of being held
  • Strict routines/patterns
  • Risk of overstimulation
  • Echolalia (repeating words)
• ADHD:
  • Stimulant medications may cause agitation, restlessness, reduced appetite
  • Difficulty concentrating

Respiratory System Disorders

• Cystic Fibrosis:
  • Autosomal recessive disorder
  • Thick lung secretions
  • Pulmonary enzymes to break down secretions
  • High fat, protein, carb diet with pancreatic enzymes before meals
  • Hypertonic saline nebulizer
  • Chest physiotherapy
• Bronchiolitis:
  • Viral infection
  • Common in infants
  • High secretions, dehydration risk
  • Humidified nasal cannula, IV fluids
  • Suctioning
• Epiglottitis:
  • Tripod position, drooling, difficulty swallowing
  • Potential intubation, head of bed elevated (high Fowlers), antibiotics
• Pneumonia:
  • Bacterial or viral
  • Lower airway infection
  • Dehydration risk
• Choking hazards: Grapes, peanuts, hot dogs, coins, batteries

Cardiovascular System Disorders

• Rheumatic Fever:
  • Strep A infection, untreated
  • Chorea (involuntary movements)
  • Carditis (inflammation of heart)
  • Polyarthritis
  • Antibiotics for treatment
• Kawasaki Disease:
  • Autoimmune disorder (typically under 5)
  • Strawberry tongue
  • Coronary artery inflammation
  • Desquamation (peeling) of hands/feet
  • Rash
  • IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin) and aspirin for treatment
• Tetralogy of Fallot:
  • Cyanotic heart defect
  • Decreased pulmonary blood flow
  • Tet spells: Infant (knee-to-chest), older child (squatting).
• Coarctation of Aorta:
  • High blood pressure in upper extremities
  • Low blood pressure in lower extremities
• Digoxin:
  • Administer with food/formula
  • Watch for toxicity symptoms (anorexia, nausea, vomiting)
• Blood Flow (increased/decreased/mixed/obstructive pulmonary)

Gastrointestinal System Disorders

• Cleft lip/palate:
  • Increased risk with maternal smoking
  • Surgical repair
  • Sippy cups for feeding (for x months)
  • Feeding difficulties
• Crohn's disease:
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (mouth-to-anus)
  • Cobblestone appearance
  • Malnutrition
• Ulcerative colitis:
  • Colon-specific inflammatory bowel disease
  • Pain hours after eating
• Intussusception:
  • Twisting of intestines
  • Sausage-like mass, peritonitis, necrosis
• Appendicitis:
  • Risk of infection
  • Right lower quadrant pain, palpable mass, surgical excision
• Tracheoesophageal fistula:
  • Trachea and esophagus merge
  • Airway clearance issues
• Esophageal atresia:
  • Feeding issues, milk bubbles
• Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis:
  • Projectile vomiting, occurs 3-6 weeks after birth
  • Discovered between 2-12 weeks
• Hirschsprung's disease:
  • Lack of innervation in intestines
  • Distended abdomen
  • Enterocolitis if untreated
• Omphalocele:
  • Abdominal organs in sac
• Gastroschisis:
  • Abdominal organs exposed outside body

Genitourinary System Disorders

• Phimosis:
  • Foreskin tightening (potential circumcision)
• Testicular torsion:
  • Emergency, surgical intervention
• Cryptorchidism:
  • Undescended testicle
  • Risk later of infertility/testicular cancer
• Hypospadias/epispadias:
  • Abnormal urethral location
• Vesicoureteral reflux:
  • Urine flows back into kidneys (grades 1-5)
• UTI:
  • Urinalysis, urine culture, antibiotics
• Nitrates in urine could indicate UTI

Hematology Disorders

• Sickle Cell Disease:
  • Vaso-occlusive crises (pain, hypertension, swelling)
  • Splenic sequestration crises (left shoulder pain, hypotension, tachycardia)
  • Dehydration triggers crises
  • Penicillin for life
  • Hydroxyurea for treatment
• Hemophilia:
  • X-linked disorder
  • Bleeding precautions (avoid contact sports, etc.)
  • Factor replacement therapy

Oncology Disorders

• Wilms tumor:
  • Kidney tumor (usually unilateral)
• Leukemia:
  • White blood cell cancer
  • Chemotherapy treatment
• Retinoblastoma:
  • Tumor in the eye (at around 12 months old)
• Osteosarcoma:
  • Bone cancer, pain, swelling in growth plates
• Ewing's sarcoma:
  • Bone cancer causing limb amputation

Integumentary System Disorders

• Impetigo:
  • Bacterial skin infection (face)
  • Antibiotics treatment, no steroids
• Scabies:
  • Treat whole family
  • Permethrin for treatment
• Lice:
  • Treat affected person only
  • Permethrin for treatment
• Burns:
  • Do not use alcohol to clean
  • Superficial, partial thickness, full thickness burns (pain differences)
  • Burns have % body surface area

Other Disorders

• Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis:
  • Kidney disorder following strep A infection
  • Hematuria (blood in urine), hypertension, edema
  • Restricted fluids, low sodium diet
• Pyelonephritis:
  • Kidney infection, pus in nephrons
• Diabetes:
  • Insulin treatment
  • Management of sick days
  • Avoid exercise during DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)
  • Treat DKA: carb drinks
  • Insulin drops potassium, replace as needed
  • Long-acting insulins never mixed
• Vesicoureteral Reflux:
  • Backflow of urine to kidneys, grades 1-5, potential for infection

Test your knowledge on the growth and developmental milestones of children from infancy to adolescence. This quiz covers key aspects of physical, emotional, and cognitive development along with important health considerations. Ideal for students in pediatric studies or healthcare professionals.