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Questions and Answers
At what age does an infant typically turn from front to back?
What milestone is associated with the toddler age group according to Erikson's theory?
What developmental milestone is characteristic of preschoolers according to Piaget's theory?
In school-aged children, the physiological changes associated with puberty usually begin around what age?
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Which age group is linked to the developmental stage of industry vs. inferiority according to Erikson's theory?
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What growth milestone usually occurs in adolescents during puberty?
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In terms of blood pressure, which age group falls within the range of 94-106 systolic and 55-62 diastolic?
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Which age group has a heart rate range of 50-100 beats per minute?
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What is the typical respiratory rate range for a toddler?
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Which of the following age groups has a blood pressure range of 85-91 systolic and 37-49 diastolic?
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What is the usual heart rate range for a preschooler?
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Study Notes
Infant (0-1 year)
- Trust vs. mistrust stage of development
- Physical milestones:
- 2 months: Holds head up when in prone position
- 4 months: Pushes onto elbows, holds head unsupported, and turns from side to back
- 6 months: Turns back to front, holds feeding bottle, and has 2-4 teeth
- 7-8 months: Sits up leaning forward on both hands
- 9 months: Sits independently, crawls, and has rough pincer grasp
- 10-12 months: Places objects into container, sits down from standing
- Teething: 6-8 teeth by 6 months, birth weight doubles by 6 months and triples by 1 year
Toddler (1-3 years)
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of development
- Importance of independence and routine (ritualism)
- Physical milestones:
- All 20 teeth by 3 years, 3 teeth per year
- Height: half of adult height
- Domestic mimicry: imitation of daily activities
Preschooler (3-4 years)
- Initiative vs. guilt stage of development
- Preoperational stage: magical thinking, difficulty understanding cause-and-effect relationships
- Guilt: feeling of guilt when unable to complete tasks, misbehaving, or experiencing loss
- Important to explain that child is not responsible for illness or death
School Age (6-12 years)
- Industry vs. inferiority stage of development
- Concrete operations: understanding of others' perspectives, development of skills contributing to society
- Physiologic changes with onset of puberty around 9 years
Adolescent (12-20 years)
- Identity vs. role confusion stage of development
- Vital signs:
- Heart rate: 50-100 bpm
- Respiratory rate: 16-20 breaths per minute
- Blood pressure: varies
Vital Signs across Age Groups
- Newborn: HR (110-160), RR (30-60), BP (64/41)
- Infant: HR (90-160), RR (25-30), BP (85/50)
- Toddler: HR (80-140), RR (25-30), BP (85-91/37-49)
- Preschooler: HR (70-120), RR (20-25), BP (89-98/46-53)
- School Age: HR (60-110), RR (20-25), BP (94-106/55-62)
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Description
Learn about physical, cognitive, and psychosocial developmental milestones for different age groups including infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school-aged children, and adolescents. Explore key milestones like birth weight doubling, teething, holding head up, and more.
