Pediatric Cough and Allergy Quiz

<p>Macrolide antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Close contacts of an infected person (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Admission to hospital (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young adults over 15 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PCR (polymerase chain reaction) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutritional deficiencies from dietary restrictions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identify the presence of wheals as an indicator of allergy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of atopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be conducted under close medical supervision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the child is not consuming the food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In preschool and primary school years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allergy is unlikely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detailed medical history (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases surface tension, causing alveolar collapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antenatal glucocorticoids therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutations in surfactant genes (A), Maternal diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest X-ray (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expiratory grunting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased pCO2 on blood gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80 ml/kg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron and folic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 140 g/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased red cell destruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate intake or malabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>150-400 x 10^9/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme and globin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About the same amount (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infant formula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tannin in tea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron stores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citrus fruits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low MCV and MCH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased consumption of iron-rich foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They develop a skin rash after receiving antibiotics during a viral illness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread skin involvement and mucous membrane involvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>140g/L to 215g/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100g/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HbF (fetal hemoglobin) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HbF is more effective in holding onto oxygen due to its higher affinity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HbF decreases while HbA increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases blood volume at birth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A serious condition where the lungs cannot deliver enough oxygen to the blood, causing a drop in oxygen saturation despite oxygen therapy, rising carbon dioxide levels, and signs of exhaustion, confusion, and reduced consciousness.

A lung condition primarily affecting premature babies, caused by a deficiency in surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the lungs allowing them to inflate properly. This deficiency leads to widespread collapse of air sacs in the lungs, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.

A substance produced by cells that lines the air sacs of the lungs, reducing surface tension and allowing for proper inflation and deflation of the lungs during breathing.

A condition where the skin appears bluish due to low oxygen in the blood.

A noisy breathing sound made during exhalation, often associated with respiratory distress where the airways are partially blocked.

A respiratory support method that uses a mask or nasal prongs to deliver continuous positive pressure to the airways, helping to keep the lungs open and improve breathing.

A type of respiratory support that delivers high flow oxygen through nasal cannulae, assisting with oxygenation and airway patency.

A medical procedure where surfactant is introduced directly into the lungs of a baby with respiratory distress syndrome using a tube or catheter.

A severe respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Characterized by a distinctive whooping sound during inhalation after a coughing fit.

The first stage of pertussis, marked by cold-like symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and mild cough. This phase can last up to a week.

The most characteristic stage of pertussis, defined by intense coughing fits followed by a high-pitched 'whoop' during inhalation.

The final stage of pertussis, marked by a gradual decline in symptoms. However, coughing can persist for months.

A condition characterized by inflammation of the airways in the lungs, leading to recurring symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

A diagnostic test used to identify the presence of Bordetella pertussis, the bacteria causing pertussis.

A type of antibody that is specifically produced by the body to fight off pertussis.

A medical intervention aimed at preventing the occurrence of pertussis. It typically involves administering a vaccine to protect against this specific infection.

A test where a small amount of allergen is placed on the skin and pricked with a lancet to check for allergic reactions. A raised wheal indicates a positive reaction.

A blood test that measures the level of IgE antibodies in the blood. Raised IgE levels indicate an allergic tendency.

A test that involves gradually increasing the amount of a suspected allergen that is given to a patient to observe for allergic reactions. It's performed under strict supervision and with emergency equipment readily available.

Tests that assess lung function, such as airflow and lung capacity, used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma or lung inflammation.

A skin reaction that occurs when a child is taking antibiotics, often due to a viral infection, rather than a true allergy to the medication.

A serious drug reaction that involves widespread skin and mucous membrane involvement, often accompanied by systemic symptoms.

The amount of hemoglobin in a newborn's blood is higher than in adults to compensate for the lower oxygen levels in the womb.

The hemoglobin level naturally decreases in the first weeks of life as the baby's red blood cell production adjusts to the new environment.

Premature infants have a faster and more significant drop in hemoglobin levels due to their underdeveloped red blood cell production.

The main type of hemoglobin in newborns, both full-term and premature, is fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin (HbA).

The normal blood volume at birth varies depending on gestational age, and it is increased when the umbilical cord is clamped later.

A test used to confirm or rule out a drug allergy, where a small dose of the suspected drug is given to the patient under careful monitoring.

Iron from breast milk is absorbed at a higher rate (50%) compared to iron from other sources.

Cow's milk, while not a good iron source, offers low iron along with poor bioavailability, making it a poor choice for iron supplementation.

Cereals often contain added iron, but only a small portion (about 1%) is absorbed by infants.

Delayed cord clamping at birth allows increased placental blood transfusion, improving iron stores in newborns.

Iron deficiency can arise when infants are transitioned to mixed feeding later than six months, or their diet lacks iron-rich foods.

Vitamin C boosts iron absorption, while tannins in tea hinder it.

Children with iron deficiency may be asymptomatic until their hemoglobin levels drop significantly.

Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a characteristic of iron deficiency, manifested by smaller and paler red blood cells.

The process of forming blood cells, originating from pluripotent stem cells, occurring both in fetal life within the yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and after birth in the bone marrow.

A condition where the blood has a lower than normal concentration of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. It can be caused by reduced red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction, or blood loss.

The most common cause of anemia in children, resulting from inadequate iron intake, malabsorption, or blood loss. It can be caused by insufficient dietary intake, poor absorption, or chronic blood loss.

The iron requirement for infants is higher than for adults due to the rapid growth and increase in blood volume. This means that infants need more iron to support their growing bodies.

The production of blood cells outside the bone marrow, often in the spleen or liver. This is a compensatory mechanism for anemia, where the body tries to make blood in other locations to compensate for the insufficient production in the bone marrow.

The expansion of the bone marrow cavity due to increased blood cell production leading to thinning of the bone cortex. This can cause bone changes and sometimes pathological fractures.

An increased heart rate and blood flow as the body compensates for the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity in anemia. This can lead to a faster heartbeat, murmurs in the heart, and difficulty breathing.

A condition where the blood contains an abnormally low number of red blood cells. This can occur due to various causes, including reduced production, increased destruction, or blood loss.