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Questions and Answers
What phase involves a characteristic inspiratory whoop following spasmodic coughing?
What phase involves a characteristic inspiratory whoop following spasmodic coughing?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with the paroxysmal phase of coughing?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with the paroxysmal phase of coughing?
What complication is considered uncommon in severe cases of the disease?
What complication is considered uncommon in severe cases of the disease?
What is the primary treatment method to reduce symptoms when initiated in the early phase?
What is the primary treatment method to reduce symptoms when initiated in the early phase?
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Which group should receive macrolide prophylaxis to prevent further transmission?
Which group should receive macrolide prophylaxis to prevent further transmission?
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What is the appropriate measure for infants with severe coughing spasms or cyanotic attacks?
What is the appropriate measure for infants with severe coughing spasms or cyanotic attacks?
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In which age group are most pertussis cases now observed?
In which age group are most pertussis cases now observed?
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Which laboratory test is most sensitive for identifying the organism early in the disease?
Which laboratory test is most sensitive for identifying the organism early in the disease?
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Which factor can significantly impact the growth of children with allergies?
Which factor can significantly impact the growth of children with allergies?
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What is the primary purpose of skin prick testing?
What is the primary purpose of skin prick testing?
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What does a raised total IgE in a child typically indicate?
What does a raised total IgE in a child typically indicate?
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Which statement about allergen challenges is true?
Which statement about allergen challenges is true?
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When should IgE blood tests specifically for food allergens be avoided?
When should IgE blood tests specifically for food allergens be avoided?
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At what age do allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma most commonly develop?
At what age do allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma most commonly develop?
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What is a possible outcome of a negative skin prick test after proper preparation?
What is a possible outcome of a negative skin prick test after proper preparation?
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What should be considered before interpreting IgE blood test results?
What should be considered before interpreting IgE blood test results?
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What primarily causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants?
What primarily causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants?
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Which clinical sign is most indicative of respiratory distress in an infant suffering from RDS?
Which clinical sign is most indicative of respiratory distress in an infant suffering from RDS?
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How does surfactant deficiency affect the alveoli in infants with RDS?
How does surfactant deficiency affect the alveoli in infants with RDS?
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What is a common management approach for infants diagnosed with RDS?
What is a common management approach for infants diagnosed with RDS?
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Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of developing RDS?
Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of developing RDS?
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During a clinical evaluation of an infant with RDS, which diagnostic tool is primarily used?
During a clinical evaluation of an infant with RDS, which diagnostic tool is primarily used?
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What mechanism do infants utilize to create positive airway pressure during expiration in RDS?
What mechanism do infants utilize to create positive airway pressure during expiration in RDS?
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In cases of respiratory failure associated with reduced oxygen saturation, what additional clinical sign may indicate worsening condition?
In cases of respiratory failure associated with reduced oxygen saturation, what additional clinical sign may indicate worsening condition?
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What is the average blood volume in healthy term infants?
What is the average blood volume in healthy term infants?
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Which nutrient stores are lower and depleted more quickly in preterm infants compared to term infants?
Which nutrient stores are lower and depleted more quickly in preterm infants compared to term infants?
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What is considered anemia in a neonate based on hemoglobin levels?
What is considered anemia in a neonate based on hemoglobin levels?
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What is one of the mechanisms that can lead to anemia?
What is one of the mechanisms that can lead to anemia?
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How does iron deficiency typically occur in infants?
How does iron deficiency typically occur in infants?
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What are the typical platelet counts at birth?
What are the typical platelet counts at birth?
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What is the primary component that hemoglobin is made of?
What is the primary component that hemoglobin is made of?
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How much iron does a 1-year-old infant require compared to an adult male?
How much iron does a 1-year-old infant require compared to an adult male?
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What is the primary source of iron with the highest absorption in infants?
What is the primary source of iron with the highest absorption in infants?
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Which of the following factors inhibits iron absorption?
Which of the following factors inhibits iron absorption?
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What clinical feature indicates the onset of significant iron deficiency anemia in children?
What clinical feature indicates the onset of significant iron deficiency anemia in children?
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Delayed cord clamping at birth increases which of the following in infants?
Delayed cord clamping at birth increases which of the following in infants?
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Which of the following foods is likely to enhance iron absorption when consumed together?
Which of the following foods is likely to enhance iron absorption when consumed together?
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Which diagnostic clue is associated with iron deficiency anemia?
Which diagnostic clue is associated with iron deficiency anemia?
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What dietary change can help manage iron deficiency anemia in children?
What dietary change can help manage iron deficiency anemia in children?
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What is a common behavior associated with iron deficiency in children?
What is a common behavior associated with iron deficiency in children?
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What is a common reason children are labeled as having a drug allergy?
What is a common reason children are labeled as having a drug allergy?
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What is a potential indicator of a severe drug allergy?
What is a potential indicator of a severe drug allergy?
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What is the typical hemoglobin concentration (Hb) at birth in both term and preterm infants?
What is the typical hemoglobin concentration (Hb) at birth in both term and preterm infants?
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What is the nadir hemoglobin level that infants typically reach by the age of 2 months?
What is the nadir hemoglobin level that infants typically reach by the age of 2 months?
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What is the main type of hemoglobin present at birth in healthy infants?
What is the main type of hemoglobin present at birth in healthy infants?
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What effect does HbF have compared to HbA?
What effect does HbF have compared to HbA?
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What typically happens to the levels of HbF and HbA over the first year of life?
What typically happens to the levels of HbF and HbA over the first year of life?
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What is a significant impact of delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord at birth?
What is a significant impact of delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord at birth?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS-TS) is a severe systemic inflammatory response associated with COVID-19 infection. It shares features with Kawasaki disease, staphylococcal, and streptococcal toxic shock syndromes, bacterial sepsis and macrophage activation syndromes.
- Cardiac involvement, such as shock, typically occurs 3-4 weeks post-COVID-19 infection.
- Echocardiography may reveal severe cardiac dysfunction or coronary artery aneurysms.
Respiratory System Zones
- Conducting zone does not involve gas exchange.
- Respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs.
- Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries.
- Alveolar walls consist of type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes.
- Type 1 pneumocytes, 97% of the total, are thin for gas exchange.
- Type 2 pneumocytes produce surfactant reducing surface tension to prevent lung collapse.
- Surfactant production begins at 24 weeks and lungs are fully mature by 34 weeks.
Respiratory System Respiration Types
- Quiet respiration
Abnormal Respiration Sounds
- Stridor is an inspiratory sound occurring from upper airway obstruction
- Wheezes are expiratory sounds resulting from lower airway obstruction
- Biphasic sounds occur with both upper and lower airway obstruction.
Risk Factors for Respiratory Diseases in Children
- Parental genetic predisposition
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy
- Prematurity or low birthweight
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Congenital heart disease
- Weakened immune responses
- Incomplete immunizations
- Exposure to cigarette smoke or vaping
- Exposure to environmental allergens and air pollution
- Low socio-economic status
Respiratory Tract Disorders in Children
- Upper respiratory tract symptoms (Coryza, sore throat, earache, sinusitis, cough, or stridor)
- Lower respiratory tract symptoms (tachypnea, reduced oxygen saturation, chest recession, noisy breathing.)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Also called hyaline membrane disease (RDS)
- Lack of surfactant in the lungs, a decreased surface tension leading to reduced lung elasticity and difficulty in breathing
Pediatric Respiratory System - Additional Topics
- Infants born before 28 weeks' gestation are more likely to develop severe respiratory distress syndrome.
- Surfactant deficiency can result in widespread alveolar collapse and poor gas exchange.
- Signs and symptoms of respiratory disorders include increased or decreased rate of breathing, noises of different types, and chest pain.
- Clinical signs/symptoms suggest possible respiratory failure
- Clinical signs include cyanosis, grunting, and reduced oxygen saturation despite oxygen therapy.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pediatric cough, specifically focusing on pertussis and common allergic reactions in children. This quiz covers phases of coughing, treatments, laboratory tests, and allergies. Enhance your understanding of pediatric respiratory conditions and allergic responses.
