Pediatric Clinical Chemistry and Childhood Development Stages Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the reason for the low blood urea levels in newborn infants compared with adults?

Decreased anabolic rate

Reduced nitrogen insertion into protein (correct)

High glomerular filtration rate

Low aldosterone insensitivity

Why does serum creatinine rapidly decrease during the first 2 weeks of life, stabilizing at 0.5 mg/dL?

Transient increases in premature neonates (correct)

Low protein intake

High blood sugar levels

Decreased glomerular filtration rate

How is acid-base homeostasis maintained in neonates when compared to adults?

More efficient respiratory responses at birth (correct)

Lower buffer systems activity

Faster renal compensatory mechanisms

Increased glomerular filtration rate

At what age does the glomerular and tubular functions mature in children?

12-18 months Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for 75% of the weight of a newborn at birth?

Extracellular fluid (ECF) Signup and view all the answers

When does the glomerular filtration rate increase within the first month of life?

Within the first month Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for reduced concentrating capacity, negative sodium equilibrium, and reduced bicarbonate levels in neonates?

Immature tubular functions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solvents is NOT suitable for dissolving lipids?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipids includes the fats, the waxes, and the sterol esters?

Hydrolyzable lipids Signup and view all the answers

What replaces glycerol and one acyl residue in sphingolipids?

Sphingosine Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bonds link the components of hydrolyzable lipids?

Ester bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of lipids are alkanes and carotenoids classified as?

Hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the low water solubility of lipids?

Presence of polarizing atoms such as O, N, S, and P Signup and view all the answers

Which group of lipids acts as surfactants, detergents, and emulsifying agents?

Phospholipids and cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage form of energy among lipids?

Triacylglycerols Signup and view all the answers

What are essential fatty acids that have to be supplied in the diet?

Arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid Signup and view all the answers

What are fats esters of the trivalent alcohol glycerol with three fatty acids referred to as?

Triacylglycerols Signup and view all the answers

Which is the most important sterol in animals that regulates fluidity in cellular membranes?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important groups of steroids?

Sterols, bile acids, and steroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

Where are cholesterol and its fatty acid esters associated with other lipids?

Lipoproteins Signup and view all the answers

From which compound are bile acids synthesized in the liver?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary storage form of cholesterol?

Esters with fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What are uncharged forms of triacylglycerols also referred to as?

Neutral fats Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pediatric clinical chemistry covers stages of childhood development: Neonate (first four weeks), Infant (four weeks to two years), Child (two years to puberty), Adolescent (puberty to adulthood).
Pediatric biochemistry differs from adult biochemistry due to physiological development processes.
Kidney function: Glomerular and tubular functions mature between 12 and 18 months, no new nephrons are made.
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases within the first month, lower in preterm neonates.
- Immaturity of tubular function leads to dehydration, hyponatremia, and acid-base imbalances.
Water: Total body water (TBW) is high at birth (75% of weight), decreases due to decreased intake and increased GFR.
- "Physiological weight loss" occurs within the first week.
Sodium management: Infants have positive sodium balance, premature neonates may experience sodium loss.
Hyperkalemia: Infants have higher normal potassium levels due to reduced urinary excretion and decreased GFR.
Calcium and phosphorus: Newborns have high phosphorus levels, low calcium levels, especially premature infants.
Acid-base balance and other substances: Acid-base homeostasis maintained through buffer systems and respiratory and renal adjustments.
- Renal compensatory mechanisms are slow due to low GFR and undeveloped tubular transport systems.
Blood urea: Low in newborns compared to adults due to high anabolic rate.
Serum creatinine: Highest concentration at birth, rapidly decreases during the first 2 weeks.
Lipids: Heterogeneous group of substances, insoluble in water.
- Hydrolyzable lipids: Fats, waxes, sterol esters, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cerebrosides.
  - Components linked by ester bonds, easily broken down.
- Non-hydrolyzable lipids: Hydrocarbons, lipid alcohols, steroids, fatty acids.
Biological roles of lipids: Energy storage, structural components of bio-membranes, metabolic regulators, surfactants, insulation, provide shape and contour, protect internal organs, help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, improve taste and palatability.
Fatty acids and fats: Carboxylic acids, essential fatty acids (polyunsaturated), Fats (esters of glycerol with three fatty acids).
Sterols: Cholesterol, major constituent of cellular membranes, storage and transport forms are esters with fatty acids.
Bile acids: Synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, function as detergents and emulsifiers in the intestine.

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Description

Test your knowledge of pediatric clinical chemistry and childhood development stages from neonate to adolescence. Understand the differences between pediatric and adult biochemistry, focusing on physiological development processes and diseases specific to childhood.