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Questions and Answers
What is the reason for the low blood urea levels in newborn infants compared with adults?
Why does serum creatinine rapidly decrease during the first 2 weeks of life, stabilizing at 0.5 mg/dL?
How is acid-base homeostasis maintained in neonates when compared to adults?
At what age does the glomerular and tubular functions mature in children?
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What accounts for 75% of the weight of a newborn at birth?
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When does the glomerular filtration rate increase within the first month of life?
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What is responsible for reduced concentrating capacity, negative sodium equilibrium, and reduced bicarbonate levels in neonates?
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Which of the following solvents is NOT suitable for dissolving lipids?
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Which type of lipids includes the fats, the waxes, and the sterol esters?
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What replaces glycerol and one acyl residue in sphingolipids?
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What kind of bonds link the components of hydrolyzable lipids?
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Which kind of lipids are alkanes and carotenoids classified as?
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What is the reason for the low water solubility of lipids?
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Which group of lipids acts as surfactants, detergents, and emulsifying agents?
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What is the storage form of energy among lipids?
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What are essential fatty acids that have to be supplied in the diet?
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What are fats esters of the trivalent alcohol glycerol with three fatty acids referred to as?
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Which is the most important sterol in animals that regulates fluidity in cellular membranes?
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What are the most important groups of steroids?
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Where are cholesterol and its fatty acid esters associated with other lipids?
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From which compound are bile acids synthesized in the liver?
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What is the primary storage form of cholesterol?
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What are uncharged forms of triacylglycerols also referred to as?
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Study Notes
- Pediatric clinical chemistry covers stages of childhood development: Neonate (first four weeks), Infant (four weeks to two years), Child (two years to puberty), Adolescent (puberty to adulthood).
- Pediatric biochemistry differs from adult biochemistry due to physiological development processes.
- Kidney function: Glomerular and tubular functions mature between 12 and 18 months, no new nephrons are made.
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases within the first month, lower in preterm neonates.
- Immaturity of tubular function leads to dehydration, hyponatremia, and acid-base imbalances.
- Water: Total body water (TBW) is high at birth (75% of weight), decreases due to decreased intake and increased GFR.
- "Physiological weight loss" occurs within the first week.
- Sodium management: Infants have positive sodium balance, premature neonates may experience sodium loss.
- Hyperkalemia: Infants have higher normal potassium levels due to reduced urinary excretion and decreased GFR.
- Calcium and phosphorus: Newborns have high phosphorus levels, low calcium levels, especially premature infants.
- Acid-base balance and other substances: Acid-base homeostasis maintained through buffer systems and respiratory and renal adjustments.
- Renal compensatory mechanisms are slow due to low GFR and undeveloped tubular transport systems.
- Blood urea: Low in newborns compared to adults due to high anabolic rate.
- Serum creatinine: Highest concentration at birth, rapidly decreases during the first 2 weeks.
- Lipids: Heterogeneous group of substances, insoluble in water.
- Hydrolyzable lipids: Fats, waxes, sterol esters, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cerebrosides.
- Components linked by ester bonds, easily broken down.
- Non-hydrolyzable lipids: Hydrocarbons, lipid alcohols, steroids, fatty acids.
- Hydrolyzable lipids: Fats, waxes, sterol esters, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cerebrosides.
- Biological roles of lipids: Energy storage, structural components of bio-membranes, metabolic regulators, surfactants, insulation, provide shape and contour, protect internal organs, help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, improve taste and palatability.
- Fatty acids and fats: Carboxylic acids, essential fatty acids (polyunsaturated), Fats (esters of glycerol with three fatty acids).
- Sterols: Cholesterol, major constituent of cellular membranes, storage and transport forms are esters with fatty acids.
- Bile acids: Synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, function as detergents and emulsifiers in the intestine.
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Description
Test your knowledge of pediatric clinical chemistry and childhood development stages from neonate to adolescence. Understand the differences between pediatric and adult biochemistry, focusing on physiological development processes and diseases specific to childhood.
