Pediatrics
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Pediatrics

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a preterm infant?

  • An infant born before 38 weeks' gestation
  • An infant born with a weight greater than 2500g
  • An infant born with a weight less than 2500g
  • An infant born before 37 weeks' gestation (correct)
  • What is the focus during the neonatal period (first 28 days of life)?

  • Assessing the digestive and nervous systems
  • Assessing the respiratory and cardiovascular systems (correct)
  • Assessing all body systems equally
  • Assessing for congenital abnormalities
  • What is the definition of a low-birth-weight infant?

  • An infant born before 37 weeks' gestation
  • An infant born with a weight greater than 2500g
  • An infant born with a weight less than 2500g (correct)
  • An infant born after 42 weeks' gestation
  • Why is it important to include the parent/caregiver during the assessment of a pediatric patient?

    <p>To ensure the parent/caregiver can legally consent for the patient's care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of respiratory distress in neonates?

    <p>Grunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom associated with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is FALSE?

    <p>RDS is directly related to gestational age at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cardiovascular problem in preterm infants?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication for former preterm infants undergoing surgery?

    <p>High incidence of postoperative apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pediatric patients and adult patients require the same anesthesia management.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A postmature infant is born before 37 weeks' gestation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consulting the growth chart in infants helps determine their weight categories.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neonatal period is defined as the first 28 days of life inside the mother's womb.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SGA infants are less prone to comorbidities impacting anesthesia compared to LGA infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is directly related to gestational age at birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) can lead to air trapping and carbon dioxide retention.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure is not a potential cardiovascular problem in preterm infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Former preterm infants have a low incidence of postoperative apnea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic intrauterine infection is not a potential cause of respiratory distress in preterm infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low birth weight infant is less than <____.

    <p>&lt;2500 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A preterm infant is born before how many weeks?

    <p>37</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of infant weight? (3)

    <p>small, appropriate, large for gestational age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    neonatal period is generally defined as:

    <p>the first 28 days of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most pediatric patients are _____ thinkers.

    <p>concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two biggest fears in kids:

    <p>death, pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    best way to alleviate fear in the preop kid

    <p>talk to them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pediatric patients become dehydrated faster than adults due to what two things?

    <p>higher metabolic rate, larger body surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A productive cough is a reason for definitive cancellation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gastroschisis, the abdominal wall is _____, while it is _____ in omphalocele.

    <p>uncovered, covered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two interventions should occur prior to surgery of omphacele and gastroschisis?

    <p>EKG. Appropriate hydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cranial nerve palsy impacting vocal cords and inspiratory stridor is associated with which condition?

    <p>meningomyelocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyloric stenosis is always a surgical emergency.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definitions

    • A preterm infant is born before 37 weeks' gestation.
    • A low-birth-weight infant weighs less than 2500 grams at birth.

    Neonatal Period Focus

    • The neonatal period encompasses the first 28 days of life.
    • Assessment during this period should include involvement of parents/caregivers, as they provide insight into the infant's health and well-being.

    Respiratory Distress Indicators

    • Common symptoms of respiratory distress in neonates include grunting, retractions, and nasal flaring.
    • The primary symptom of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants is difficulty breathing due to inflammation and scarring in the lungs.

    Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

    • RDS is false in stating that it is not directly correlated with gestational age; in fact, it is strongly related to it.
    • Conditions like chronic intrauterine infection are not typical causes of respiratory distress in preterm infants.

    Cardiovascular Concerns

    • Potential cardiovascular problems in preterm infants include patent ductus arteriosus and arrhythmias. Heart failure is not considered a typical issue in this group.

    Surgery Complications

    • Common complications for former preterm infants undergoing surgery include postoperative apnea and respiratory complications.

    Anesthesia Management

    • Pediatric patients do not require the same anesthesia management as adults; adjustments are necessary for their physiological differences.

    Growth Assessment

    • Consulting growth charts in infants helps determine weight categories:
      • SGA (small-for-gestational-age)
      • AGA (appropriate-for-gestational-age)
      • LGA (large-for-gestational-age)

    Pediatric Patient Considerations

    • Pediatric patients often think concretely rather than abstractly.
    • Common fears in pediatric patients include fear of separation from parents and fear of the procedure itself.
    • The best way to alleviate preoperative fears in children is through clear communication and reassurance.

    Dehydration Dynamics

    • Pediatric patients become dehydrated faster than adults due to higher metabolic rates and a greater surface area-to-volume ratio.

    Specific Conditions

    • In gastroschisis, the abdominal wall is open, whereas in omphalocele, it is covered by a membrane.
    • Critical interventions prior to surgery for omphalocele and gastroschisis include stabilization of the infant and ensuring adequate fluid resuscitation.
    • Cranial nerve palsy affecting vocal cords with inspiratory stridor is linked to conditions like Arnold-Chiari malformation or central nervous system anomalies.
    • Pyloric stenosis is recognized as a surgical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

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