PED 6: Child and Adolescent Learning Principles

Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of attachment in an infant according to the theory?

To focus on sensual pleasure

To explore the world independently

To develop social skills with peers

To regulate his/her emotions and maintain proximity to the caretaker (correct)

Which theory focuses on the individual's interactions with society?

Ethological Theory

Psychosexual Theory

Psychosocial Theory (correct)

Ecological Theory

Who is associated with the theory that development is concerned with social interaction?

Erik Erikson

John Bowlby

Sigmund Freud

Lev Vygotsky (correct)

What is the focus of the Life-Span Approach?

Developmental change throughout the life span, including adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transmitting biological traits from parents to offspring?

Heredity Signup and view all the answers

Who focused on how attachment difficulties were transmitted from one generation to the next?

John Bowlby Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the surrounding conditions that influence growth and development?

Environment Signup and view all the answers

Which theory views development in terms of evolutionary concepts?

Ethological Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive processes in human development?

Changes in the individual's understanding, memory, and language skills Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of the PIES/C framework for human development?

Emotional/Social Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between 'growth' and 'development'?

Growth is a quantitative increase in size, while development involves a qualitative change in function and complexity. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage is characterized by the most rapid growth rate?

Prenatal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'maturation' and 'learning'?

Maturation is relatively independent of the environment, while learning is a result of experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill?

Writing Signup and view all the answers

What is the "zone of proximal development" (ZPD)?

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with assistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a socioemotional process?

Developing motor coordination Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Development: Growth and Development

Human development involves cognitive, socio-emotional, and biological processes
Cognitive processes focus on memory, creativity, language, and knowledge
Socio-emotional processes involve changes in self-sufficiency, self-understanding, morality, and emotional communication

PIES/C Framework

Physical/Psychomotor:
- Gross motor (e.g., running, jumping, hoping)
- Fine motor (e.g., painting)
Intellectual/Cognitive
Emotional:
- Temperament
- Attachment
Social
Communication:
- Receptive (e.g., understanding what others say)
- Expressive (e.g., ability to talk or express through gestures)

Development and Growth

Development: increase in complexity of function and skill progression, involves adaptation to the environment
Growth: quantifiable amount of change, pertains to physical change and increase in size
- Indicators of growth: height, weight, bone size, and dentition
- Rapid growth rate: prenatal, neonatal, infancy, and adolescence periods
Maturation: internal ripening, genetically programmed
Learning: change that comes from experiences

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Area where children acquire new skills and information with the help of an adult or peer

Heredity and Environment

Heredity: transmission of biological traits from parents to offspring through genes
Environment: surrounding conditions that influence growth and development

Theories

Ethological Theory: views development in terms of evolutionary concepts
Psychosexual Theory: focuses on the changing seat of sensual pleasure
Psychosocial Theory: focuses on individual's interactions with society
Ecological Theory: development as a joint function of the person and environment
Sociohistorical-Cognitive / Linguistic Theory: development dependent on social interaction

Approaches in Human Development

Traditional Approach: extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in late old age
Life-Span Approach: emphasizes development change during adulthood as well as childhood

Attachment

Emotional bond between individuals
Lasting psychological connectedness between human beings
Innate human survival mechanism
Goals:
- Helps infant maintain proximity to the caretaker
- Provides security as a base for exploration
- Helps child regulate emotions

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Description

Explore the principles of child and adolescent learning, including human development, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes. Understand growth and development, cognitive development, and psychosocial changes.