Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle and Scapula

Pectoral Girdle

• Connects the upper limb to the trunk
• Composed of the clavicle and scapula
• Supports 30 bones that make up the upper limb
• All are parts of the appendicular skeleton

Clavicle

• Appears straight when viewed anteriorly
• S-shaped when viewed superiorly or inferiorly
• Is the only bone connecting the pectoral girdle directly to the axial skeleton
• Sits between the shoulder and thoracic cage
• Braces and supports the upper limb
• Enables it to function like a brace in a building that supports the opposing beams

Clavicle Endings

• Each clavicle end is distinct and palpable through the skin
• The sternal end articulates medially with the manubrium at the sternoclavicular joint
• Acromial end articulates laterally with the acromion process
• The conoid tubercle provides the site for ligament attachment near the end

Scapula

• Is a triangular bone on the posterosuperior rib cage between the second and seventh ribs
• The body is the largest section, with medial, lateral, and superior borders
• Hook-shaped projection on the anterior surface
• Is located inferior to the coracoid process that provides the subscapular fossa

Scapula (continued)

• The glenoid cavity is a shallow indentation on the lateral surface that is articulating with the humerus in the shoulder joint
• The spine is a posterior ridge of bone, crosses from medial to lateral along the superior acromion at the acromioclavicular joint (AC)
• The supraspinous fossa is superior to the spine

Humerus

• Is the largest and strongest bone of the upper limb
• It’s the only bone in the arm (brachium)
• Consists of two epiphyses and articulates with other bones and long diaphysis
• The proximal epiphysis is medially oriented, ball-shaped head, and articulates with the joint
• The anatomical neck is a groove surrounding it
• The greater tubercle is a projection separated from a smaller medial
• Lesser tubercle by a groove (intertubercular groove): tendon of

Humerus (continued)

• The surgical neck is where the proximal epiphysis and diaphysis meet
• Deltoid tubercle: feature of the diaphysis
• Radial groove on the posterior aspect
• Distal epiphysis features medial and lateral epicondyl for mu

Bones of the Forearm (Antebrachium)

• Have a lateral radius and medial ulna bones
• Held to each other by a fibrous interosseous membrane
• Both articulate with the humerus proximally and with carpal bones distally
• Articulate with one another both at the proximal and distal radioulnar joint

Bones of the Wrist: Carpals(1of2)

• The wrist (carpus) is made up of eight short bones (carpals) arranged in two rows containing four bones each
• Four proximal carpal bones include (from lateral to medial):
• Scaphoid articulates with the radius and is boat-shaped
• Lunate articulates primarily with the radius and, to a lesser degree, with the ulna and is slightly moon-shaped
• Triquetrum is triangular and articulates with the ulr
• Pisiform is pea-shaped articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum

Bones of the Wrist: Carpals(2of2)

• Four distal carpal bones include (from lateral to medial):
• Trapezium articulates proximally with the scaphoid
• Trapezoid articulates primarily with the scaphoid
• Capitate is rounded and articulates proximally with the scaphoid
• Hamate is a hooklike projection that articulates proximally

Bones of the Hand and Fingers: Metacarpals and Phalanges

• The hand (manus) consists of five long bones (metacarpals)
• These are numbered I–V from lateral to medial and articulate with the distal carpal bones and bones of the fingers.
• Each metacarpal consists of three parts, including a proximal epiphysis (base), diaphysis and distal epiphysis (head)

Hand (continued)

• The Bones of the fingers consist of 14 phalanges, each with a base, body, and head
• Each finger consists of three bones: proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
• The thumb (pollex) consists of only proximal and distal phalanx

Wrist Fractures

• Is the most frequently injured region of the upper limb from trauma or attempt to stop a fall with an outstretched arm
• Fractures commonly involve the distal radius and ulna -May include carpal bones, particularly the scaphoid
• The fracture shown above is a Colles fracture of the distal radius

Symptoms and Treatment

• Most common in children and adults aged 60–69; incidence is declined with advancing age (incidence of other fractures, such as hip fractures, increases)
• Symptoms include pain and swelling over the affected area with slightly less
• Treatment depends on the severity of injury and which bone is affected
• Some fractures can be prevented by teaching individuals how to fall

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

• They make up the pelvis along with the bones of the pelvic girdle and completes the appendicular skeleton
• Hip bones or coxal bones (os coxae) make up the pelvic girdle
• They articulate with the sacrum (part of the axial skeleton)

Pelvis

• The bowls are shaped; sacrum and two coxal bones; makes up the boundary for a pelvic cavity
• The pelvic inlet is an oval opening made up of the sacrum and pelvic girdle
• Pelvic brim is the body ridge around the inlet; defines boundaries between greater and lesser pelvis
• Greater (false pelvis) is the area superior to pelvic brim
• Lesser (true pelvis) is inferior to the ring
• Pelvic outlet opens at the inferior boundary of the lesser pelvis

Coxal Bone

• Each coxal bone is three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
• All contributeto acetabulum;
• It’s a deep socket onthe lateral aspect
• The head offer murarticulates withacetabulum at hipjoint
• Ilium and pubis contribute to obturator foramen; opening in each
• Coxal bone, through whichnervespervesels travel

Anatomical Features

• Ilium forms superior portion of coxal bone
• Iliac crest: superior border of ala (flared superior "wing” of ilium)
• Body of ilium is an inferior portion of the ilium
• Posterior inferior iliac spine (PSIS) is the bony ridge on the posterior end of the iliac crest, just inferior to PSIS
• The Greater sciatic notchis a deepgroove inferior posterior end of the iliac crest through which the sciatic nervepasses
• Iliac fossa: anterior portion of the medial surface of the ala

Ischium

• ischial body and ramus makes up most coxalbone with posteroinferior portion
• Theposteriorly ischial bodyforms part of an acetabulum
• Ischial spine projects posteriorly and medially from body to which ligament from sacrum attaches
• Lesser sciatic notch,just inferior to spine, passagewayfor blood vessels and nerves

Pubis

• The smallest coxal bone where three parts approximate C-shape Superior pubic ramus contributes to acetabulum structure
• The Pubic body and inferior pubic ramus is a part of the boundary madeup of the obturator foramen
• The Pubic symphysis joint is where two pubic bodies are separated by fibrocartilaginous pad
• Pubic arch forms angle through two public

Gender Differences in the Pelvic Girdle

Pelvis (like other skeletal structures) differ between genders,Female pelvis adapted for childbirth is generally wider + shallower than male equivalent following can be used to determine gender of pelvic Girdle

• Shape of greater pelvis: Pelvis wider in females with flared iliac crests;increases dist b/w ant sup iliac spines
• female Saccrum is usually wider
• Femalesacrum is usually sorter

Determining Gender (continued)

• Femaleletsusually wider+ Oval shaped
• Themaleetnarrow+heart Shaped female outlet generally wider than male Acetabulagenerallyfurther apart Femalesarepointed moreanteriorly

Anatomical Determinations

• Ischial tuberosities,
• Females- Laterally-Males: Medial-femalepelves- lighter due less robust
• A greater muscle mass+Body weight due to average mass

Femur

• Is the femur longest and the strongest body in the body
• The Prx epiphysis features prominentspherical head articulates with actabulum at hip joint
• Fovea captitessmall pit in center of head where small ligament attachesto stabilizing joint
• The neck is just distal to the head Greater trochanter: large protubence to the neck Lesser trochanter is the dial to greater trochanter; which are connect by bony ridge called the intertrochanteric
• The line continues por

Patella

• Is triangularand artclatedat the patellar surface Sesamoid bone locked in tendon Patellar lignament is used to continue with the tibia

Bones of Leg(Tibia +fibia)

• Tibia +Fibia:Bone of legs are conn, by interosseous membrane and proximalfibulo joints _ Larger medicalBone of legs = Bear weight off body
• Concave depressions (medial +Lateral condyles) Proximal
• Atc withfemoral condyles in knee joint
• The Intercondylar eminence divide these

Fibula

Smaler-Lat bone oflegs= only one sixib of tibia = exhibitsfolowing features

• Head- Articulated withLateral tibiaproximaly lateral malleolus distal for distal tabfbia-helps stalize anklejoint

Bones of Ankle

• Tarsals7 shortbone=Up ankleRegion;Connects legs to foot
• Proximal tarsals: talus, calcacneus and navicular Distal tarsals medial to lateral: medial cuneiformintermediate = Intermediatelateral Cuneiformand cuboid MetatalsnumberalI_V mediattolateral(In Hand_proxbasemedial, Shat distal head Fourtheen phalanges = distal proximal middle=Halluxproximaldis

Anatomy of Medial Foot

• Distal- medial cuneiform-1111Hallux
• bonesoffootdont normally leflat on ground or arches Supported b/us and distribuweight to bodies durming movements longditudeargh: Most provininent runs medialfrom Talus cuneiform III LAT run fromlateral Calcaneous to metatsarals Transverse arch: Run along middlefoot involusdistal/Metart All Five

The Study Boost: Remembering Bones of the Arm and Leg

“Stop Letting The People Touch The Cadaver's Hand" helps you remember carpals: Mentions “hand,” so remember, describes carpals, not tarsals

Mnemonic Devices

Reminder trapezIUM is next to the thumb TIBia and FibuLA: TIBia = Thick, Inner Bone; FibuLA = LAteral bone “This College Needs Me In Lab Classe"names of tarsals from proximal to distal and medial to lateral Remember to turn ulna on the side.trochlear notch is shape of letter U for “ulna”

• Radial and Ulnar pulses and placement Patella in Latin means “little plate"; Navicular sounds like nacy so it to conncet them