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Questions and Answers

What happens to the propeller if the engine runs out of oil?

  • The propeller feathers automatically. (correct)
  • The engine will continue to run normally.
  • The propeller increases pitch manually.
  • The governor will compensate by changing RPM.

Which method allows the propeller to unfeather quickly using engine oil?

  • Manual feathering control
  • Governor adjustment
  • Unfeathering pump (correct)
  • Throttle manipulation

What can trigger feathering of the propeller in light twins?

  • Engine oil pressure.
  • Excessive engine RPM.
  • Pilot intervention.
  • Low engine oil level. (correct)

Which of the following describes how an accumulator contributes to unfeathering?

<p>It traps and releases air-oil pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In normal in-flight unfeathering, what action is taken with the propeller condition lever?

<p>Move it into the normal flight range. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of unfeathering the propeller too quickly?

<p>It may cause excessive vibrations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component collects and manages oil pressure for propeller operation?

<p>Governor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the unfeathering pump play in propeller management?

<p>It applies pressure to return the propeller to low pitch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action taken to initiate the feathering process of a propeller?

<p>Pulling the condition lever back to its travel limit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the time necessary for feathering?

<p>The size of the oil passage and force exerted by the spring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do spring-loaded latches serve in a feathering propeller system?

<p>Engage the high-pitch stop plates when the engine is stopped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens during the feathering process when the engine is shut down?

<p>Feathering spring prevents pitch changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual elapsed time for feathering in constant-speed feathering propellers?

<p>3 to 10 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What safety feature allows the propeller to feather automatically?

<p>Governor oil pressure drop to zero (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the centrifugal force play when the propeller is rotating at high speeds?

<p>It disengages the latches from high pitch stop plates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what RPM do the spring-loaded latches typically disengage from the high pitch stop plates?

<p>600-800 RPM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of metal fixed-pitch propellers over wooden propellers?

<p>Lower maintenance costs and efficient cooling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Hartzell constant-speed non-feathering propeller is responsible for changing the blade pitch?

<p>Governor oil pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blade angle of a constant-speed feathering propeller if the governor oil pressure is lost?

<p>The blades increase pitch and feather (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Hartzell constant-speed propellers?

<p>Uses a wooden hub for construction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the pitch of the blades adjusted in a Hartzell constant-speed propeller?

<p>Through the governor's oil pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In constant-speed feathering propellers, what role does the feathering spring play?

<p>It assists the counterweights in adjusting blade angle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a feature of metal fixed-pitch propellers?

<p>Made as one-piece anodized aluminum alloys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical construction material for early metal fixed-pitch propellers?

<p>Forged Duralumin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the feathering process of a propeller in flight?

<p>The governor oil drains out of the propeller (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a pilot unfeather a propeller in-flight?

<p>By resetting the propeller condition lever into the governing range (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the operational principle of a constant-speed feathering propeller?

<p>Regulates blade angle based on oil pressure to remain at a specific RPM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Hartzell aluminum hub propellers from others?

<p>They combine low weight and rugged construction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not directly involved in blade angle adjustment in a constant-speed feathering propeller?

<p>Pilot's throttle position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the propeller blade angle when the engine starts during normal unfeathering?

<p>The blade angle decreases as oil is supplied. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the governor play in the unfeathering process?

<p>It supplies oil to control the propeller blade angle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of windmilling during the unfeathering process?

<p>It helps speed up the unfeathering of the blades. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using an accumulator in the unfeathering process?

<p>To provide stored pressure for quicker unfeathering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when reciprocating unfeathering is utilized?

<p>It takes longer to start turning the engine for oil pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an unfeathering pump function during the unfeathering process?

<p>It provides oil pressure to unfeather the propeller. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism enables unfeathering on the ground?

<p>Using blade paddles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence during the unfeathering process?

<p>Vibrations can occur due to delayed oil pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the slip ring in an electric propeller-icing control system?

<p>To provide a current path to the blade deice boots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is used to electrically connect the deice boot to the slip ring assembly?

<p>Deice wire harness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the electric propeller-icing control system primarily remove ice from the propeller blades?

<p>By converting electrical energy to heat energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be controlled to ensure balanced ice removal from all blades in a propeller deicing system?

<p>The heating current in the blade elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cycling timers in an electric propeller-icing control system?

<p>To energize the heating element circuits for specific periods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is specifically designed to feather the propeller automatically if engine power is lost?

<p>Auto-feathering system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition activates the solenoid valve in an auto-feathering system?

<p>Low engine torque (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a multi-engine aircraft, what is the main purpose of propeller synchronization systems?

<p>To synchronize engine rpms and reduce vibration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important design consideration for the heating element in the deice boot?

<p>It must melt the ice without excessive heating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum complete cycle time for the electric propeller-icing control system?

<p>2 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of current limiters in the propeller electrical deicing system?

<p>To prevent element overheating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which switches are found in the controls for propeller electrical deicing systems?

<p>On-off switches and ammeters or load meters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if heat is supplied more than what is necessary for melting the inner ice face?

<p>Water will run back and create new ice formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence describes the order of propeller deice activation on the Navajo PA31?

<p>Right hand prop boots inboard, outboard then left hand prop boots inboard, outboard (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of ice formation on a propeller blade?

<p>Distorted blade airfoil section (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically included in a Fluid Anti-Ice system?

<p>Heater elements on blades (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fluid is commonly used in Fluid Anti-Ice systems due to its properties?

<p>Isopropyl alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of feed shoes in a Fluid Anti-Ice system?

<p>To disperse fluid for effective coverage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the slinger ring play in a Fluid Anti-Ice system?

<p>It transfers fluid to each blade shank. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of Fluid Anti-Ice systems?

<p>They add weight to the aircraft. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the operation of an electric propeller-icing control system?

<p>Electrical energy source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the timer in an electric propeller-icing control system?

<p>Determines the duration of heating cycles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment might a selector switch in an electric deicing system make?

<p>Control icing conditions levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are electric deicing systems increasingly preferred over Fluid Anti-Ice systems in modern aircraft?

<p>They are lighter and require less maintenance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of icing issue does asymmetrical ice formation lead to on a propeller?

<p>Propeller unbalance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is commonly NOT used in Fluid Anti-Ice systems due to its cost?

<p>Phosphate compounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the control system of a Fluid Anti-Ice system allow for?

<p>Variation in pumping rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the resistance heating element typically mounted in an electric deicing system?

<p>On the propeller spinner and blades (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Constant-Speed Feathering Propeller

A propeller system that adjusts pitch to feather and reduce drag during engine shutdown.

Feathering Process

The process where propeller pitch is adjusted to a feathering position, draining oil, and preventing excessive engine load.

Oil Passage Size in Governor

The size of passages for oil flow from the propeller to the engine.

Feathering Spring and Counterweights

Components that force the propeller into a feathering position.

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High-Pitch Stops

Mechanical stops that prevent feathering when the engine is off.

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Centrifugal Force (Propeller)

Force disengaging latches at high speeds.

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Engine Shutdown (and Feathering)

Engine shutdown often happens during the feathering process.

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Zero Governor Oil Pressure

If governor oil pressure drops to zero, the propeller feathers (safety feature).

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Metal Fixed-Pitch Propellers

Common propellers for light aircraft and LSA, usually made of aluminum alloy, one-piece design. Pitch is fixed, but can be slightly adjusted.

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Hartzell Constant-Speed, Non-feathering

Propellers with hubs for adjusting blade pitch using either oil pressure or centrifugal force, for light aircraft.

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Propeller Governor

A device that precisely adjusts propeller pitch, maintaining a constant engine speed, despite load changes.

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Propeller Pitch

The angle of the propeller blade relative to the plane of rotation, affecting how efficiently the propeller converts engine power into thrust.

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Propeller Synchronization

The process of coordinating the rotation of multiple propeller blades; essential for consistent flight.

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Propeller Anti-Ice System

Systems implemented on propellers to prevent ice build up during flight which affects performance.

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Propeller Deice System

Systems used on propellers to remove ice build-up during flight.

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Controllable Pitch Propeller

A type of propeller where pilots can manually adjust the blade pitch for various flight conditions.

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Fixed Pitch Propeller

A propeller with a fixed blade pitch, meaning it can't be changed during flight.

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Constant Speed Propeller

A propeller designed to maintain a near-constant engine speed during flight.

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Unfeathering

The act of restoring a propeller blade to its normal pitch position after it is feathered.

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Autofeathering system

An automatic system that quickly feathers a propeller when encountering an emergency situation or engine failure preventing further damage.

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Propeller Inspection and Maintenance

Procedures and schedules for regular inspection and maintenance of propellers.

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Propeller Feathering

An automatic process where the propeller blades are set to a high angle of attack, reducing their thrust to stop the engine from working. This usually occurs when there's no engine oil pressure.

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Engine Oil Pressure Failure

A situation where the engine's lubricating oil pressure drops to an unsafe level, potentially damaging the engine.

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Propeller Unfeathering

The process of restoring the propeller to its normal flight position from the feathered position.

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Unfeathering Methods

Different approaches to restoring the propeller to its normal position after feathering. These include starting the engine, using an accumulator, or an unfeathering pump.

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Engine Governor

A device that controls the engine's speed by regulating the flow of oil to the propeller.

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Accumulator

A device that stores pressure and releases it quickly; helping to unfeather the propeller blade.

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Unfeathering Pump

A pump that quickly changes the propeller blade's angle to restore normal operation using engine oil.

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In-Flight Unfeathering

The act of returning the propeller to normal flight from a feathered position while the aircraft is in the air.

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Engine Unfeathering

The process of moving propeller blades from a feathered position to a lower blade angle, allowing the propeller to turn and the engine to start.

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Governor's Role in Unfeathering

The governor controls oil flow to the propeller during unfeathering, adjusting propeller blade angle and thus RPM of the engine.

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Unfeathering Process (In-flight)

Engine start -> Oil to propeller -> Blades angle decrease -> Governor unfeathers blades -> Windmilling -> Faster unfeathering.

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Unfeathering Delay (Reciprocating)

Reciprocating engines can have some delay before unfeathering because of the time taken for the engine to turn fast enough for the governor to get sufficient oil pressure.

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Accumulator in Unfeathering

An accumulator stores oil pressure for quick unfeathering in some aircraft, assisting in restarts or flight training scenarios.

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Ground Unfeathering

The technique of unfeathering propeller blades on the ground using blade paddles

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Windmilling

Propeller rotation unassisted by the engine; it helps accelerate the process of unfeathering the propeller.

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Slip Ring (Propeller)

A rotating ring connected to the propeller, transferring electricity to deice boots.

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Deice Boot

A rubber boot attached to the propeller blade's leading edge, containing heating elements for ice removal.

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Deice Wire Harness

A set of wires connecting the deice boot to the slip ring assembly for electrical power.

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Deice Boot Function

Deice boots use internal heating elements to melt ice on propeller blades.

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Propeller Deicing System Purpose

To prevent ice buildup on propeller blades, ensuring efficient flight performance.

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Propeller Deicing System Power

Electrical energy is converted to heat energy in the deice boot's elements.

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Deice System Power Flow

Power flows from aircraft system, to slip rings/brushes, to blades via flexible connectors.

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Deice System Control

Heating current is controlled to remove ice quickly and evenly from all blades.

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Deice System Cycling

The system applies heat intermittently to melt ice before excessive buildup.

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Deice System Runback Prevention

Heating intervals are precisely controlled to prevent melted ice from refreezing.

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Deice System Cycling Timer

A timer that energizes the heating elements for short periods (15-30 seconds) within a 2-minute cycle.

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Deice System Monitoring

Ammeters/load meters track current in the circuits, reflecting timer operation.

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Propeller Synchronization Purpose

To reduce vibration and unpleasant noises during multi-engine flight.

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Propeller Synchronization System

An electronic system that matches the engine RPMs and blade phases.

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Auto-feathering System Purpose

To automatically feather the propeller in case of engine failure, reducing drag.

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Propeller Ice Formation

Ice buildup on propeller blades distorts their shape, reducing efficiency and causing imbalance, potentially leading to destructive vibration.

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Propeller Icing Impact

Ice on propeller blades can lead to decreased efficiency, imbalance, and destructive vibrations.

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Anti-icing System Purpose

To prevent ice formation on propeller blades, ensuring optimal efficiency and preventing damage.

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Fluid Anti-ice System Components

Includes a tank holding anti-icing fluid, a pump to deliver the fluid, and a control system to regulate the flow.

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Fluid Anti-ice System Fluid Types

Commonly uses isopropyl alcohol (cheap and widely available) or phosphate compounds (less flammable, more expensive).

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Feed Shoes in Fluid Anti-ice System

Rubber strips on the blades that distribute anti-icing fluid along the leading edge, preventing ice buildup.

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Fluid Anti-ice System Transfer

Fluid from the stationary nozzle is transferred through a slinger ring to the propeller blades.

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Fluid Anti-ice System Disadvantages

Adds weight to the aircraft and has limited fluid on board, making it less suitable for modern aircraft.

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Electric Propeller Deicing System

Uses electrical energy to heat resistance elements embedded on the propeller spinner and blades, melting ice.

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Electric Deicing System Components

Includes an electrical energy source, a resistance heating element, system controls, and wiring.

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Electric Deicing System Controls

A master switch, optional toggle switches for each propeller, a selector switch for light/heavy icing conditions, and a timer for controlled deicing.

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Electric Deicing System Cycling Unit

Applies power to individual deice boot segments to ensure efficient ice removal.

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Electric Deicing System Advantages

Electric propeller-icing control systems are now preferred over fluid anti-ice systems because they are more efficient and don't add extra weight to the aircraft.

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Deicing vs. Anti-icing

Deicing removes existing ice, while anti-icing prevents ice formation.

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Propeller Icing Control System

Refers to a system designed to prevent or remove ice from propeller blades, ensuring safe and efficient operation.

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Study Notes

Week 1 of 1 Day 3 - AVIA-1052

  • Course title is AVIA-1052
  • The course is about propellers used in general aviation aircraft
  • The course covers topics from Powerplant 7-12 to 7-20
  • Specific topics: Propeller Location, Types of Propellers, Metal Fixed-Pitch Propellers, Hartzell Constant-Speed, Non-feathering, Constant-Speed Feathering Propeller, Unfeathering, Ice Control Systems, Anti-Ice, Deice, Propeller Synchronization and Synchrophasing, Autofeathering System

Propeller Location

  • No specific details given

Types of Propellers

  • Fixed-Pitch Propeller
  • Test Club Propeller
  • Ground-Adjustable Propeller
  • Controllable-Pitch Propeller
  • Constant-Speed Propellers
  • Feathering Propellers
  • Reverse-Pitch Propellers
  • Propeller Governor
  • Propellers Used on General Aviation Aircraft

Metal Fixed-Pitch Propellers

  • Similar in appearance to wooden propellers.
  • Usually thinner sections.
  • Widely used in many light aircraft models, including LSA (Light Sport Aircraft).
  • Many early metal propellers were forged from Duralumin in one piece.
  • Compared to wooden propellers, they are lighter and eliminate blade-clamping devices.
  • Lower maintenance cost due to being made in one piece.
  • More efficient cooling.
  • Effective pitch is nearer the hub.
  • Propeller pitch can be changed within limits by twisting the blade, eliminating the joint between the blade and the hub.
  • Now manufactured as one-piece anodized aluminum alloy, identified by stamping.
  • Serial number, complete model number, combination of basic model number and suffix numbers, diameter, pitch, FAA type certificate number, and production certificate number; number of times reconditioned.
  • Inches pitch at 0.75 radius.
  • Includes various designations (CF, CH, CM, LF) referring to installation on specific shaft types and blade tip shapes.
  • Basic design number (planform, etc.)

Hartzell Constant-Speed, Non-feathering

  • Hartzell propellers are available with aluminum and steel hubs.
  • Compact design, combining low weight and simple construction.
  • The hub is made from aluminum alloy forgings in two halves.
  • The hub shell carries the pitch change mechanism and blade roots internally.
  • The hydraulic cylinder, for changing pitch, is mounted at the front of the hub.
  • Non-feathering aluminum hub constant-speed propellers use oil pressure from a governor to move the blades.
  • Centrifugal force tends to move the blades to low pitch (high rpm) without governor oil pressure.
  • This is different from most aluminum hub and feathering models.
  • An online video is referenced (https://youtu.be/tlAfmY42sil ConstantSpeedPropPart2 (9:42)).
  • Made from aluminum and steel hub, using centrifugal force to increase blade pitch and governor oil pressure to low pitch.
  • Common in light aircraft.

Constant-Speed Feathering Propeller

  • Feathering propellers use a single oil supply from the governor to hydraulically actuate blade angle changes.
  • Five-bladed models are primarily used on Pratt & Whitney turbine engines.
  • Propeller blades are mounted on a two-piece aluminum hub via a thrust bearing.
  • A cylinder, containing a feathering spring and piston, is attached to the hub.
  • The hydraulically-actuated piston transmits linear motion to each blade through a pitch change rod and fork, resulting in changes in blade angles. The references mention a diagram in Figure 7-25.

Unfeathering

  • Methods for unfeathering: Starting the engine, the governor can pump oil back into the propeller to reduce pitch, in most light twins, this procedure is considered adequate since most light or twin aircraft rarely experience feathering issues and May vibrate once it comes out of feathering.
  • Using An accumulator: The accumulator traps oil-air pressure, releasing it quickly when rpm control returns to its normal position and the engine begins to windmill.
  • Unfeathering pump: Provides pressure to move the propeller back to low pitch swiftly using engine oil.
  • Ground unfeathering: Can be done using blade paddles.

Ice Control Systems

  • Ice formation on propeller blades produces distorted airfoil sections, reducing efficiency and creating vibrations—increasing the weight of the blades.
  • https://youtu.be/ezota GRnnE (aircraft propeller ice tests for conventional electric de-ice system at 2100 RPM).

Anti-Icing Systems

  • Fluid anti-icing systems typically include a tank, pump, and control system to supply anti-icing fluid to propellers, adjusting the flow to varying degrees/severity of ice.
  • Fluid types: Isopropyl alcohol (high availability, low cost), phosphate compounds (reduced flammability, more expensive, less common).

Deicing Systems

  • Consist of an electrical energy source and heating elements mounted on propeller spinner and blades.
  • Has internally and externally-system controls and necessary wiring
  • Includes a master switch, optional toggle/selector switch for each propeller, adjusted for icing conditions, (light/heavy), and timer for determining the sequence of which blades and for what length of deicing.
  • Includes a cycling unit to energize the heating element for specific time periods; and electric motor-driven contactors that control power to separate circuit sections.
  • Features ammeters, loadmeters, and on/off switches to monitor and control the flow of electric current within circuits.
  • Protective devices include current limiters and circuit breakers.
  • To prevent element overheating, the deicing system is only used when the propellers are rotating, which applies to short tests and takeoff/inspection checks.
  • System sequence: Specific steps describe the sequence for deicing on a Navajo PA31 aircraft (right-hand, right-hand outboard, left-hand inboard, and left-hand outboard propeller boots).

Propeller Synchronization and Synchrophasing

  • Propeller synchronization systems are commonly used in multi-engine aircraft to synchronize engine rpm, reducing vibration, and undesirable beats.
  • An electronic system matches the rpm of both engines, with blade phases being synchronized to reduce cabin noise.

Autofeathering System

  • An auto-feather system is used typically for takeoff and landing procedures. The system automatically feathers the propeller if the engine power is lost. This leverages a solenoid valve that swiftly dumps the oil pressure— allowing the propeller cylinder to feather. The system uses two torque switches sensing low engine torque to trigger the feathering operation. This has a test-off-arm switch.

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