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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment?
What is the primary focus of Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment?
What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's experiment?
What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's experiment?
What phenomenon is observed when Pavlov's dogs salivate to similar sounds, such as a tone, after learning to associate the bell with food?
What phenomenon is observed when Pavlov's dogs salivate to similar sounds, such as a tone, after learning to associate the bell with food?
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What happens during the extinction process in classical conditioning?
What happens during the extinction process in classical conditioning?
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What is the term for the original stimulus that naturally elicits a response, such as food in Pavlov's experiment?
What is the term for the original stimulus that naturally elicits a response, such as food in Pavlov's experiment?
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What is the fundamental premise underlying classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs?
What is the fundamental premise underlying classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs?
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What is the primary characteristic of a conditioned response?
What is the primary characteristic of a conditioned response?
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What is the key distinction between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response?
What is the key distinction between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response?
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What is the underlying mechanism behind stimulus generalization?
What is the underlying mechanism behind stimulus generalization?
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What is the consequence of repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
What is the consequence of repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
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What is the term for the process of re-establishing a conditioned response after extinction?
What is the term for the process of re-establishing a conditioned response after extinction?
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What is the primary difference between Pavlov's dogs' initial response to the bell and their response after conditioning?
What is the primary difference between Pavlov's dogs' initial response to the bell and their response after conditioning?
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What is the implication of stimulus generalization for the maintenance of a conditioned response?
What is the implication of stimulus generalization for the maintenance of a conditioned response?
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Study Notes
Pavlov's Dogs
- Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment demonstrating classical conditioning
- Pavlov rang a bell every time he presented dogs with food, leading to:
- Association between the bell (neutral stimulus) and food (unconditioned stimulus)
- Salivation response to the bell alone (conditioned response)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
- Natural response to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- Unlearned, automatic response
- Example: salivation in response to food
Conditioned Response (CR)
- Learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Acquired through association with the UCS
- Example: salivation in response to the bell alone
Stimulus Generalization
- Phenomenon where a conditioned response is elicited by similar stimuli
- Example: Pavlov's dogs salivating to similar sounds (e.g., a tone) after learning to associate the bell with food
- Demonstrates that classical conditioning can lead to responses to a range of stimuli
Extinction
- Process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
- Example: if Pavlov's dogs no longer received food after the bell, they would eventually stop salivating to the bell alone
- Extinction does not erase the learned association, but rather creates a new association between the CS and the absence of the UCS
Pavlov's Experiment
- Demonstrates classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (bell) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to elicit an unconditioned response (salivation)
- Leads to association between the bell and food, and eventually salivation in response to the bell alone (conditioned response)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
- Natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- Examples: salivation in response to food, blinking in response to a sudden noise
Conditioned Response (CR)
- Learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Acquired through association with the UCS, and can be elicited by the CS alone
- Examples: salivation in response to the bell, sweating in response to a hot stove
Stimulus Generalization
- Phenomenon where a conditioned response is elicited by similar stimuli
- Results from classical conditioning, where the conditioned response is extended to stimuli similar to the original CS
- Example: salivation in response to similar sounds (e.g., tone) after learning to associate the bell with food
Extinction
- Process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
- Leads to a decrease in the conditioned response, but does not erase the learned association
- Example: if Pavlov's dogs no longer received food after the bell, they would eventually stop salivating to the bell alone
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov's Dogs
- Ivan Pavlov's experiment involved ringing a bell (neutral stimulus) before presenting food (unconditioned stimulus) to dogs.
- Initially, dogs salivated only at the sight of food, but after repeated pairing, they salivated at the sound of the bell alone, demonstrating classical conditioning.
Key Components
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): naturally triggers a response without prior learning (e.g., food triggers salivation).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the US to elicit a conditioned response (e.g., bell).
- Unconditioned Response (UR): natural response to the US (e.g., salivation in response to food).
- Conditioned Response (CR): learned response to the CS (e.g., salivation in response to the bell).
Conditioned Response
- A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the US.
- Occurs after repeated pairing of the CS with the US.
- Examples: salivation in Pavlov's dogs, fear response to a specific sound.
Stimulus Generalization
- Phenomenon where the CR is elicited by stimuli similar to the CS.
- Examples: Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a similar bell or a knocking sound.
- Indicates that the CR is not limited to the specific CS.
Extinction
- Process of eliminating the CR by repeatedly presenting the CS without the US.
- Example: Pavlov's dogs no longer salivating at the sound of the bell after repeated presentations without food.
- Extinction can be reversed by re-pairing the CS with the US.
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Description
Explore Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment demonstrating classical conditioning, association and conditioned responses in dogs. Learn about unconditioned responses and stimuli in this psychology quiz.
