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Questions and Answers
What is the typical pattern of neuronal injury observed in slower, progressive diseases like ALS or Alzheimer's disease?
What is the typical pattern of neuronal injury observed in slower, progressive diseases like ALS or Alzheimer's disease?
- Microglial cell activation without changes in astrocytes
- Proliferation of neurons and absence of gliosis
- Cell loss and reactive gliosis (correct)
- Neuronal regeneration and hypertrophy of astrocytes
What defines gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury?
What defines gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury?
- Decreased nucleoli prominence in astrocytes
- Shrinkage of astrocyte nuclei with reduced cytoplasmic eosinophilia
- Elongation of astrocyte processes and reduced cell size
- Hyperproliferative and hypertrophic astrocytes (correct)
How do activated microglial cells respond to injury?
How do activated microglial cells respond to injury?
- They fuse with astrocytes to form giant cells
- They become dormant and lose their ability to proliferate
- They increase in number but remain unchanged in morphology
- They undergo morphological changes with fatter and shorter processes (correct)
Why is it often easier to observe gliosis compared to neuronal cell loss?
Why is it often easier to observe gliosis compared to neuronal cell loss?
What is the main reason for the subtle histologic findings associated with neuronal cell loss?
What is the main reason for the subtle histologic findings associated with neuronal cell loss?
What is the role of gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury?
What is the role of gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury?
What is a common early sign or symptom that can precede a migraine?
What is a common early sign or symptom that can precede a migraine?
Which visual symptom can occur during a migraine aura?
Which visual symptom can occur during a migraine aura?
According to the diagnostic criteria for migraines, how long can a headache last during an attack?
According to the diagnostic criteria for migraines, how long can a headache last during an attack?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of the pain experienced during a migraine attack?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of the pain experienced during a migraine attack?
What is NOT one of the POUND criteria used to screen for migraines?
What is NOT one of the POUND criteria used to screen for migraines?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with the aura phase of a migraine?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with the aura phase of a migraine?
What is a characteristic feature of non-communicating hydrocephalus?
What is a characteristic feature of non-communicating hydrocephalus?
Which symptom is more likely to be observed in the morning in patients with hydrocephalus?
Which symptom is more likely to be observed in the morning in patients with hydrocephalus?
What is a common symptom in children with hydrocephalus associated with hypothalamic impairment?
What is a common symptom in children with hydrocephalus associated with hypothalamic impairment?
Which type of hydrocephalus is relatively common but very rare in individuals under 60 years old?
Which type of hydrocephalus is relatively common but very rare in individuals under 60 years old?
What distinguishes the pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus from other forms of hydrocephalus?
What distinguishes the pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus from other forms of hydrocephalus?
What physical sign is commonly associated with double vision in cases of hydrocephalus?
What physical sign is commonly associated with double vision in cases of hydrocephalus?
What is the primary role of CGRP in migraine pathophysiology?
What is the primary role of CGRP in migraine pathophysiology?
Which area of the brain is thought to be refractory to synaptic excitation after a spreading depression wave passes through?
Which area of the brain is thought to be refractory to synaptic excitation after a spreading depression wave passes through?
What is the main challenge in identifying candidate genes for migraine etiology?
What is the main challenge in identifying candidate genes for migraine etiology?
In migraine pathophysiology, what is the function of monoclonal antibodies that bind to CGRP?
In migraine pathophysiology, what is the function of monoclonal antibodies that bind to CGRP?
Which of the following is believed to lead to activation of the trigeminal complex in migraine pathophysiology?
Which of the following is believed to lead to activation of the trigeminal complex in migraine pathophysiology?
What is the most accepted theory regarding the pathophysiology of 'other' neurologic findings in migraines?
What is the most accepted theory regarding the pathophysiology of 'other' neurologic findings in migraines?
What is the most common feature of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
What is the most common feature of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
What is the proposed pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
What is the proposed pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
Which of the following is the most effective treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
Which of the following is the most effective treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
What is the most common type of herniation seen in increased intracranial pressure?
What is the most common type of herniation seen in increased intracranial pressure?
What is the hallmark feature of acute neuronal injury?
What is the hallmark feature of acute neuronal injury?
Which of the following is NOT a common intracellular inclusion seen in neurological diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a common intracellular inclusion seen in neurological diseases?
What is the proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
What is the proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
Which type of migraine is characterized by the presence of an aura but no headache?
Which type of migraine is characterized by the presence of an aura but no headache?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with a tension-type headache?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with a tension-type headache?
What is the maximum time interval between the onset of an aura and the start of a migraine headache?
What is the maximum time interval between the onset of an aura and the start of a migraine headache?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of complicated migraine?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of complicated migraine?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with the aura phase of a migraine?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with the aura phase of a migraine?
What is the most likely explanation for the increased muscle tension in tension-type headaches?
What is the most likely explanation for the increased muscle tension in tension-type headaches?
Why would brain tissue deprived of blood flow (ischemia) become depolarized?
Why would brain tissue deprived of blood flow (ischemia) become depolarized?
How could depolarization be linked to 'unregulated' neurotransmitter release?
How could depolarization be linked to 'unregulated' neurotransmitter release?
How can unregulated neurotransmitter release impact free radical production?
How can unregulated neurotransmitter release impact free radical production?
What is the hallmark feature of acute neuronal injury, as described in the text?
What is the hallmark feature of acute neuronal injury, as described in the text?
What is the proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
What is the proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
Which of the following statements about primary and secondary headaches is correct?
Which of the following statements about primary and secondary headaches is correct?
Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for the pathogenesis of migraine headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for the pathogenesis of migraine headaches?
Which of the following is a common cause of secondary headaches associated with elevated intracranial pressure?
Which of the following is a common cause of secondary headaches associated with elevated intracranial pressure?
Which of the following is a common feature of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
Which of the following is a common feature of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
What is the proposed mechanism of action for monoclonal antibodies that bind to CGRP in the treatment of migraine headaches?
What is the proposed mechanism of action for monoclonal antibodies that bind to CGRP in the treatment of migraine headaches?
Which of the following statements about tension headaches is correct?
Which of the following statements about tension headaches is correct?
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for cluster headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for cluster headaches?
Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of cluster headaches and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs)?
Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of cluster headaches and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of cluster headache attacks?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of cluster headache attacks?
Which of the following structures is insensitive to pain and cannot cause headaches?
Which of the following structures is insensitive to pain and cannot cause headaches?
Which of the following is a criterion for classifying a headache as low-risk?
Which of the following is a criterion for classifying a headache as low-risk?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between tension headaches and migraines?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between tension headaches and migraines?
Which of the following statements about secondary headaches is correct?
Which of the following statements about secondary headaches is correct?
Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of tension headaches is correct?
Which of the following statements about the pathophysiology of tension headaches is correct?
Which of the following statements about the clinical features of tension headaches is NOT correct?
Which of the following statements about the clinical features of tension headaches is NOT correct?
Which of the following describes the proposed mechanism for increased intracranial pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
Which of the following describes the proposed mechanism for increased intracranial pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
What is the proposed mechanism by which glutamate contributes to neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
What is the proposed mechanism by which glutamate contributes to neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
Which of the following best describes the appearance of acute neuronal injury on H&E staining?
Which of the following best describes the appearance of acute neuronal injury on H&E staining?
What is the primary function of gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury?
What is the primary function of gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury?
Which of the following best describes the role of activated microglial cells in response to injury?
Which of the following best describes the role of activated microglial cells in response to injury?
Which of the following best describes the pattern of neuronal injury in slower, progressive diseases like ALS or Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following best describes the pattern of neuronal injury in slower, progressive diseases like ALS or Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which a cell may depolarize during ATP depletion in ischemia?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which a cell may depolarize during ATP depletion in ischemia?
Which of the following best describes the role of astrocytes in mediating synaptogenesis and neurogenesis after injury?
Which of the following best describes the role of astrocytes in mediating synaptogenesis and neurogenesis after injury?
Which of the following best describes the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
Which of the following best describes the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
Why would brain tissue deprived of blood flow (ischemia) become depolarized?
Why would brain tissue deprived of blood flow (ischemia) become depolarized?
How can unregulated neurotransmitter release impact free radical production?
How can unregulated neurotransmitter release impact free radical production?
What is the hallmark feature of acute neuronal injury, as described in the text?
What is the hallmark feature of acute neuronal injury, as described in the text?
How do activated microglial cells respond to injury?
How do activated microglial cells respond to injury?
What is the proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
What is the proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia?
What is the primary difference between primary headaches and secondary headaches?
What is the primary difference between primary headaches and secondary headaches?
Which of the following best describes the classification of a low-risk headache according to the text?
Which of the following best describes the classification of a low-risk headache according to the text?
What distinguishes normal pressure hydrocephalus from other forms of hydrocephalus?
What distinguishes normal pressure hydrocephalus from other forms of hydrocephalus?
What is a characteristic feature of the pain experienced during a migraine attack?
What is a characteristic feature of the pain experienced during a migraine attack?
How do secondary headaches differ from primary headaches?
How do secondary headaches differ from primary headaches?
What is the most common type of hydrocephalus that is relatively common but very rare in individuals under 60 years old?
What is the most common type of hydrocephalus that is relatively common but very rare in individuals under 60 years old?
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
What physical sign is commonly associated with double vision in cases of hydrocephalus?
What physical sign is commonly associated with double vision in cases of hydrocephalus?
In non-communicating hydrocephalus, what is an example of the type of obstruction that can cause the condition?
In non-communicating hydrocephalus, what is an example of the type of obstruction that can cause the condition?
What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus?
Which symptom is more likely to be observed in the morning in patients with hydrocephalus?
Which symptom is more likely to be observed in the morning in patients with hydrocephalus?
What is the primary mechanism by which transtentorial herniation can lead to life-threatening consequences?
What is the primary mechanism by which transtentorial herniation can lead to life-threatening consequences?
What is the primary concern with tonsillar herniation, a condition where the cerebellar tonsils are significantly displaced through the foramen magnum?
What is the primary concern with tonsillar herniation, a condition where the cerebellar tonsils are significantly displaced through the foramen magnum?
Which of the following is a proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia (lack of blood flow)?
Which of the following is a proposed mechanism of neuronal injury during cerebral ischemia (lack of blood flow)?
What is the proposed mechanism by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) can help in the treatment of migraine headaches?
What is the proposed mechanism by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) can help in the treatment of migraine headaches?
Which of the following best describes the role of activated microglial cells in response to injury in the central nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the role of activated microglial cells in response to injury in the central nervous system?
What is the proposed role of gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury in the central nervous system?
What is the proposed role of gemistocytic astrocytes in response to injury in the central nervous system?
Which key pathway is involved in the pain of migraine?
Which key pathway is involved in the pain of migraine?
What is the proposed mechanism of action for medications that act on the 5-HT1 receptors in the treatment of migraine?
What is the proposed mechanism of action for medications that act on the 5-HT1 receptors in the treatment of migraine?
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of migraine attacks according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of migraine attacks according to the text?
What is the proposed role of the midbrain nuclei (dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus raphe magnus) in the pathophysiology of migraine?
What is the proposed role of the midbrain nuclei (dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus raphe magnus) in the pathophysiology of migraine?
Which of the following statements about the epidemiology of migraine is correct according to the text?
Which of the following statements about the epidemiology of migraine is correct according to the text?
What is the proposed mechanism for the abnormal pain sensation in migraine related to vascular changes?
What is the proposed mechanism for the abnormal pain sensation in migraine related to vascular changes?
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