Patterns of Neuronal Injury Quiz

<p>Cell loss occurs gradually over time in specific functional areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell loss usually occurs due to apoptosis without an inflammatory reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Help with synaptogenesis after injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unusual food cravings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blind spots with flashing lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 4 and 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Throbbing pain on one side of the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occipital location</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Seeing stars'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockage of the cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stunted growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal pressure hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired absorption at the arachnoid granulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6th cranial nerve palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing pain sensation at the trigeminal ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in targeting VG calcium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eliminate CGRP, preventing it from binding to its receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wave of spreading excitation in the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Spreading depression' wave linking to visual changes and aura findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased arterial inflow without corresponding venous outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tonsillar herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophilic cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipofuscin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acephalgic migraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Throbbing pain and aggravation with movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe or persistent (reversible) sensorimotor deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unknown, but possibly related to stress or anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of oxygen leads to decreased ATP production, which disrupts the sodium-potassium pump, causing membrane depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to an influx of calcium and triggering exocytosis of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unregulated neurotransmitter release leads to excitotoxicity, which activates NADPH oxidase and increases free radical generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyknosis, eosinophilic cell body, cell shrinkage, and loss of Nissl substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of decreased ATP, membrane depolarization, and calcium influx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary headaches are the disorder itself, while secondary headaches are caused by an underlying condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation of the meninges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Idiopathic intracranial hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papilledema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockade of CGRP-mediated vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more variable in duration and less severe than migraines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attacks must be accompanied by bilateral nasal congestion or rhinorrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are caused by hypothalamic/circadian circuit dysregulation, with vasodilation as a result, not a cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic symptoms are bilateral, not unilateral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient is younger than 30 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tension headaches and migraines are two distinct types of primary headaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a clearly defined underlying cause, unlike primary headaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are likely due to dysregulation of pain sensation in the central nervous system, with no clear pathophysiology yet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are always accompanied by both photophobia and phonophobia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtle problems with venous sinus drainage and increased rate of arterial inflow exceeding venous outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate overstimulates and causes persistent opening of NMDA receptors, allowing calcium influx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons exhibit pyknosis, eosinophilic cell bodies, and loss of Nissl substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To buffer excitotoxins, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and support neuron metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lose their processes, become ameboid, secrete cytokines, and phagocytose debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subacute/chronic neuronal degeneration with cell loss and reactive gliosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure of the $Na^+/K^+$ ATPase pump leads to increased intracellular $Na^+$ and depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of astrocytes in mediating synaptogenesis and neurogenesis remains controversial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow or impaired reabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depletion of ATP due to lack of oxygen and nutrients results in failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess neurotransmitter stimulation can lead to increased intracellular calcium, which activates nitric oxide synthase and free radical generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyknosis and eosinophilic cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microglial cells proliferate and secrete inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excitotoxicity from unregulated neurotransmitter release causes calcium overload and apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary headaches are the disorder itself, while secondary headaches are caused by an exogenous disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headaches that are unlikely to cause significant pathology or harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of enlarged ventricles in imaging studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dull throbbing pain that radiates throughout the head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary headaches are always associated with some underlying exogenous disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal pressure hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sixth cranial nerve palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockage of the cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired absorption of cerebrospinal fluid at the arachnoid granulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression of the cerebral peduncles, causing bilateral hemiparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression of the brainstem, compromising vital respiratory and cardiac centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, leading to increased intracellular calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking the vasodilatory effects of CGRP, thereby reducing neurogenic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They release inflammatory mediators and can contribute to neuroinflammation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote neuronal survival and support synaptogenesis and neurogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The trigeminovascular input from the meningeal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the trigeminal nucleus and thalamus, modulating pain sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They modulate the pain sensation from the trigeminal afferents, contributing to the abnormal pain sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migraine affects 15% of men and 6% of women over a one-year period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal pain sensation related to vascular dilation and constriction (vasomotion).</p> Signup and view all the answers