Applied Pathophysiology: Mechanisms of Disease

False (B)

Brain imaging (CT, MRI)

<p>cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concussion = Temporary alteration in function, may experience unconsciousness or dizziness Contusion = Permanent damage to the brain tissue, potentially leading to coma if affecting the brain stem Hematoma = A collection of blood within the brain, putting pressure on surrounding tissues Edema = Swelling of brain tissue due to fluid accumulation Skull Fracture = A break in the skull bone, potentially causing damage to the underlying brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired neurologic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New neuron growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>chromatolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatolysis = Decreased cell size Atrophy = Phagocytosis of dead neurons by neighboring cells Neuronophagia = Distinctive structures formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm Intraneuronal inclusions = Swelling of a neuron and dissolution of chromophil substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Site of injury and functions controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of normal cell structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrogliosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proliferation to form a glial scar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes = Astrogliosis Microglia = Microglial nodules Ependymal cells = CSF production alteration Neurons = Axonal degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Numbness and tingling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon degeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed head injury and open traumatic injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axonal degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carpal tunnel syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>paresthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coup injury = Acceleration injury Contrecoup injury = Deceleration injury Peripheral nerve injury = Traumatic Peripheral Nervous System Injury Central pressure injury = Central Nervous System Pressure Injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wallerian degeneration = Degeneration of the severed nerve area Chromatolysis = Cellular changes in response to nerve injury Brachial plexus palsy = Flaccid paralysis of the arm Edema = Swelling that can lead to nerve injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Demyelination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild paresthesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter that leads to prolonged action potentials and can cause tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decorticate position = Damage to cerebral hemispheres above midbrain Decerebrate position = Damage to brain stem (midbrain)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate immobilization, corticosteroids, traction, casting, and surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Results in increased impulse frequency and cascade of transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to nerve cells affecting their function; responses vary by cell type.

Response of astrocytes to injury resulting in glial scar formation in brain tissue.

Clusters of reactive microglia and lymphocytes formed in response to injury or disease.

Loss of the axon portion of a neuron, often leading to loss of function.

Injury to ependymal cells leading to altered CSF production due to infections or hemorrhage.

Neurons that do not divide or regenerate.

Leads to impaired neurologic transmission and disorders.

Swelling of a neuron with dissolution of its substance.

Phagocytosis of dead neurons causing inflammation.

Distinctive structures formed within neurons.

Decrease in cell size, often due to injury.

Age can lead to neuron damage and loss.

Failure in signaling due to neuron loss.

Condition resulting from damage to nerves, disrupting communication.

Damage to myelin sheath impacting nerve conduction efficiency.

Injuries affecting the central nervous system due to trauma.

A type of traumatic brain injury without skull penetration.

Injury type exposing brain structures, increasing infection risk.

Coup is injury from impact; contrecoup is injury from rebound.

Main causes include accidents, falls, and sports injuries.

Part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, includes nerves and support cells.

Degeneration process after a nerve is cut, involving the distal segment of the axon.

Injury caused by crushing or cutting, leading to symptoms like numbness and pain.

Nerve compression at the wrist causing pain and paresthesia, linked to edema.

A temporary alteration in brain function, leading to symptoms like unconsciousness or dizziness.

Permanent damage to the brain, can be cortical or brain stem, affecting consciousness.

A collection of blood outside of blood vessels, often requiring surgical evacuation.

Increased intracranial pressure, a serious condition affecting brain function and can lead to herniation.

An injury to the brain from external force, often diagnosed with imaging and EEG.

Spinal cord injury caused by bending of the spine, often from accidents or trauma.

A rip or tear in the spinal cord from fractures or trauma.

A violent blow to the spinal cord with no obvious damage, may cause temporary deficits.

Injury to the spinal cord causing a range of symptoms from mild paresthesia to quadriplegia.

Abnormal sensations such as tingling or numbness that can occur after a spinal cord injury.

Methods used to diagnose spinal cord injuries including X-ray, neurologic examination, and imaging techniques.

Initial treatment for spinal cord injuries involves immobilization and corticosteroids to prevent further damage.

Inadequate blood supply to the central nervous system leading to tissue damage and necrosis.

Inadequate blood supply affecting the entire brain, often due to cardiac arrest or severe hemorrhage.

Pathological effects caused by increased neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release, leading to cellular damage.

The main excitatory neurotransmitter implicated in excitation injury and prolonged action potentials.

Body's reaction to injury; leads to edema, increased intracranial pressure, and further complications.

A posture indicating severe brain injury with damage to the brainstem, characterized by arms and legs extended.