Pattern Recognition Lecture 6: Classification IV

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of the greedy decision tree learning algorithm?

To reduce the complexity of the decision tree

To select the best feature to split the data (correct)

To maximize the accuracy of the predictions

To minimize the number of features used

What is the problem of selecting the best feature to split the data referred to as?

Problem 2: Stopping Condition

Problem 1: Feature Selection (correct)

Problem 4: Data Preprocessing

Problem 3: Feature Engineering

How is the classification error calculated in a decision tree?

By calculating the ratio of correctly classified instances

By calculating the proportion of misclassified instances (correct)

By calculating the difference between the predicted and actual values

By calculating the number of misclassified instances

What is the purpose of calculating the entropy in a decision tree?

To measure the impurity of the data Signup and view all the answers

What is the stopping condition in a decision tree?

When no more splits improve the accuracy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the greedy decision tree learning algorithm and other decision tree algorithms?

The greedy algorithm selects the best feature to split the data at each node Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem of determining when to stop splitting the data referred to as?

Problem 2: Stopping Condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the entropy when all examples are of the same class?

0 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating the information gain in a decision tree?

To measure the effectiveness of a split Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating entropy?

∑ - pi log2 pi Signup and view all the answers

What is the information gain in the context of decision trees?

Entropy of the parent minus the weighted average entropy of the children Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the feature split selection algorithm?

To select the feature with the highest information gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the entropy of the example 'ssss'?

0 Signup and view all the answers

What is the information gain when splitting on the 'Credit' feature?

0.6599 Signup and view all the answers

Why is the decision split on the 'Credit' feature?

Because it has the highest information gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the entropy of the example 'sf'?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective when choosing feature h*(x) in decision tree learning?

Lowest classification error Signup and view all the answers

What is the next step after learning a decision stump?

Recursive stump learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stopping condition in decision tree learning?

All data agrees on y Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of greedy decision tree learning?

It selects the best feature at each step Signup and view all the answers

What is the final output of the decision tree prediction algorithm?

A predicted class label Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind tree learning?

Recursive stump learning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Decision Trees

Step-by-step process for greedy decision tree learning:
- Start with an empty tree
- Select a feature to split data
- For each split of the tree, determine whether to make predictions or continue splitting
Feature selection criteria:
- Entropy and Information Gain

Entropy and Information Gain

Entropy: measures the impurity of data
- If all examples are of the same class, entropy = 0
- If examples are evenly split between classes, entropy = 1
- Formula: 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 = ∑ - 𝑝𝑖 log 2 𝑝𝑖
Information Gain: measures the effectiveness of a split
- Formula: Information Gain = Entropy (parent) - (weighted average) Entropy (children)

Calculating Information Gain

Example 1: Credit feature
- Entropy (parent) = 0.9905
- Entropy (excellent) = 0
- Entropy (fair) = 0.8865
- Entropy (poor) = 0.769
- Information Gain = 0.9905 - (0.225)(0) - (0.325)(0.8865) - (0.45)(0.769) = 0.6599
Example 2: Term feature
- Entropy (3 years) = 0.72
- Entropy (5 years) = 0.88
- Information Gain = 0.9905 - (0.5)(0.72) - (0.5)(0.88) = 0.1905
Decision: Split on Credit feature since it has the highest Information Gain (0.6599)

Feature Split Selection Algorithm

Given a subset of data M (a node in a tree)
For each feature hi(x):
1. Split data of M according to feature hi(x)
2. Compute classification error OR Information gain split
Choose feature h*(x) with lowest classification error or highest Information gain

Recursion and Stopping Conditions

Tree learning = Recursive stump learning
Stopping conditions:
1. All data agrees on y
2. Already split on all features

Prediction Algorithm

Decision tree prediction algorithm
Greedy decision tree learning

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Description

This lecture covers decision trees, feature selection criteria, entropy, and information gain in pattern recognition. Instructor Dr. Dina Khattab teaches this course at Ain Shams University.