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Questions and Answers
According to the terminal drop hypothesis, what is presumed about mental function?
According to the terminal drop hypothesis, what is presumed about mental function?
- Mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death. (correct)
- Most late-stage adults retain high brain function until 1 month before death.
- Most elderly patients experience depression after the death of a loved one.
- A person's physical health begins to decline after the age of 75 years.
Age-related changes in the renal system result in:
Age-related changes in the renal system result in:
- A significant increase in filtration, which causes the excretion of large amounts of water from the body.
- Dilation of the blood vessels that supply the nephrons, which allows the kidneys to maintain their function.
- A decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed. (correct)
- The formation of large amounts of urine secondary to an increase in kidney mass of up to 20%.
An infant or small child's airway can be occluded if it is overextended or overflexed because:
An infant or small child's airway can be occluded if it is overextended or overflexed because:
- The tongue is proportionately small and can fall back into the throat.
- The occiput is proportionately large and the trachea is flexible. (correct)
- He or she has a long neck, which makes the trachea prone to collapse.
- The back of the head is flat, which prevents a neutral position.
At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?
At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?
Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, EXCEPT:
Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, EXCEPT:
In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air:
In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air:
The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of:
The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of:
The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is MOST often related to:
The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is MOST often related to:
Which of the following are noticeable characteristics of a 9-month-old infant?
Which of the following are noticeable characteristics of a 9-month-old infant?
Which of the following statements regarding an infant's vital signs is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding an infant's vital signs is correct?
Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age?
Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age?
You are assessing a 13-month-old female who is running a fever and has been vomiting. While you are performing your physical examination on this child, you will MOST likely find that she:
You are assessing a 13-month-old female who is running a fever and has been vomiting. While you are performing your physical examination on this child, you will MOST likely find that she:
___________ pressure is the pressure exerted by a liquid that occurs when blood moves through an artery at relatively high pressures.
___________ pressure is the pressure exerted by a liquid that occurs when blood moves through an artery at relatively high pressures.
Activities such as walking, talking, and writing are regulated by the:
Activities such as walking, talking, and writing are regulated by the:
All critical life functions are coordinated in which part of the brain?
All critical life functions are coordinated in which part of the brain?
Anterior to the knee is a specialized bone called the:
Anterior to the knee is a specialized bone called the:
As the bronchus divides into smaller bronchioles, the terminal ends of these smaller passages form the:
As the bronchus divides into smaller bronchioles, the terminal ends of these smaller passages form the:
At rest, the normal adult heart rate should not exceed:
At rest, the normal adult heart rate should not exceed:
Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the:
Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the:
Both areas of the pons are used to:
Both areas of the pons are used to:
Breathing occurs as the result of a(n):
Breathing occurs as the result of a(n):
Capillary sphincter closure during internal or external bleeding is detrimental because:
Capillary sphincter closure during internal or external bleeding is detrimental because:
A 75-year-old woman complains of heaviness in her chest, nausea, and sweating. After taking two prescribed nitroglycerin tablets, she still feels heaviness in her chest. What should you do?
A 75-year-old woman complains of heaviness in her chest, nausea, and sweating. After taking two prescribed nitroglycerin tablets, she still feels heaviness in her chest. What should you do?
If EMTs give naloxone (Narcan) to an unresponsive known heroin abuser, what should they recall?
If EMTs give naloxone (Narcan) to an unresponsive known heroin abuser, what should they recall?
A 60-year-old male presents with acute respiratory distress. What is the MOST appropriate treatment?
A 60-year-old male presents with acute respiratory distress. What is the MOST appropriate treatment?
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?
What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?
What are signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis?
What are signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis?
What are the signs and symptoms of bronchitis?
What are the signs and symptoms of bronchitis?
What are the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
What are the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
What are the signs and symptoms of COVID-19?
What are the signs and symptoms of COVID-19?
What are signs and symptoms of Croup?
What are signs and symptoms of Croup?
What are signs and symptoms of Diphtheria?
What are signs and symptoms of Diphtheria?
What are signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)?
What are signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)?
What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?
What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?
What are the signs and symptoms of Epiglottis?
What are the signs and symptoms of Epiglottis?
What are signs and symptoms of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)?
What are signs and symptoms of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)?
What are signs and symptoms of Pneumonia?
What are signs and symptoms of Pneumonia?
What are signs and symptoms of Pneumothorax?
What are signs and symptoms of Pneumothorax?
What are signs and symptoms of Pulmonary embolus?
What are signs and symptoms of Pulmonary embolus?
What are signs and symptoms of Tension Pneumothorax?
What are signs and symptoms of Tension Pneumothorax?
What are the signs and symptoms of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?
What are the signs and symptoms of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?
What diseases will you hear wheezing with?
What diseases will you hear wheezing with?
What diseases will you hear rhonchi with?
What diseases will you hear rhonchi with?
What diseases will you hear crackles with?
What diseases will you hear crackles with?
What diseases will you hear stridor with?
What diseases will you hear stridor with?
What diseases will you hear decreased or absent breath sounds with?
What diseases will you hear decreased or absent breath sounds with?
What breath sound is indicative of a partial upper airway obstruction?
What breath sound is indicative of a partial upper airway obstruction?
What breath sound indicates constriction and/or inflammation in the bronchus?
What breath sound indicates constriction and/or inflammation in the bronchus?
What breath sound sounds like air trying to pass through fluid in the alveoli?
What breath sound sounds like air trying to pass through fluid in the alveoli?
What breath sound is caused by secretions or mucus in the larger airway?
What breath sound is caused by secretions or mucus in the larger airway?
What breath sound is heard on inspiration as air tries to pass through an obstruction in the upper airway?
What breath sound is heard on inspiration as air tries to pass through an obstruction in the upper airway?
What is a normal blood glucose level?
What is a normal blood glucose level?
What is ischemia?
What is ischemia?
What are the steps of the 'Scene Size-Up' portion of the Patient Assessment?
What are the steps of the 'Scene Size-Up' portion of the Patient Assessment?
What are the steps of the 'Primary Assessment' portion of the Patient Assessment?
What are the steps of the 'Primary Assessment' portion of the Patient Assessment?
What are the steps of the 'Secondary Assessment' portion of the Patient Assessment?
What are the steps of the 'Secondary Assessment' portion of the Patient Assessment?
What is xABC?
What is xABC?
What is CUPS?
What is CUPS?
What are question examples for AVPU/LOC?
What are question examples for AVPU/LOC?
How do you properly set up an AED?
How do you properly set up an AED?
What is cardiac output?
What is cardiac output?
What is open pneumothorax?
What is open pneumothorax?
What is Hemopneumothorax?
What is Hemopneumothorax?
What is hemothorax?
What is hemothorax?
What is apnea?
What is apnea?
What are the 4 Aerosol-generating Procedures (AGPs)?
What are the 4 Aerosol-generating Procedures (AGPs)?
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?
What is Ataxic respirations?
What is Ataxic respirations?
How much should 2 EMTs be able to safely lift?
How much should 2 EMTs be able to safely lift?
How should patients in the late stages of pregnancy be positioned?
How should patients in the late stages of pregnancy be positioned?
What are indications of medicine?
What are indications of medicine?
What are contraindications of a specific medicine?
What are contraindications of a specific medicine?
What are the common routes of medication administration?
What are the common routes of medication administration?
What is Tachycardia?
What is Tachycardia?
What is Bradycardia?
What is Bradycardia?
What medications may an EMT administer or assist in administering?
What medications may an EMT administer or assist in administering?
What is Aspirin (Bayer)?
What is Aspirin (Bayer)?
A patient presenting with a headache, fever, confusion, and red blotches on their skin should be suspected of having?
A patient presenting with a headache, fever, confusion, and red blotches on their skin should be suspected of having?
In assessment of circulation in a conscious patient, what should be involved?
In assessment of circulation in a conscious patient, what should be involved?
A sign of respiratory distress seen in the neck is:
A sign of respiratory distress seen in the neck is:
Upon arriving at the residence of a patient with a possible cardiac problem, what is most important?
Upon arriving at the residence of a patient with a possible cardiac problem, what is most important?
When documenting a patient's description of chest pain, the EMT should?
When documenting a patient's description of chest pain, the EMT should?
Which of the following blood vessels transports oxygenated blood?
Which of the following blood vessels transports oxygenated blood?
Most patients are instructed to take up to how many doses of nitroglycerin before calling EMS?
Most patients are instructed to take up to how many doses of nitroglycerin before calling EMS?
Narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by a buildup of fatty deposits is called?
Narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by a buildup of fatty deposits is called?
Prior to attaching the AED to a cardiac arrest patient, the EMT should?
Prior to attaching the AED to a cardiac arrest patient, the EMT should?
The AED is most advantageous to the EMT because?
The AED is most advantageous to the EMT because?
The electrical impulse generated by the heart originates in the:
The electrical impulse generated by the heart originates in the:
The iliac arteries immediately subdivide into the:
The iliac arteries immediately subdivide into the:
The most common reason that many people experiencing AMI do not seek immediate medical attention is because they:
The most common reason that many people experiencing AMI do not seek immediate medical attention is because they:
The right coronary artery supplies blood to the:
The right coronary artery supplies blood to the:
When you arrive at the residence of a patient with a possible cardiac problem, what is most important?
When you arrive at the residence of a patient with a possible cardiac problem, what is most important?
Flashcards
Geriatric patient medication interactions
Geriatric patient medication interactions
Multiple medications in older adults can cause harmful reactions.
Naloxone and seizures
Naloxone and seizures
Naloxone, used for opioid overdoses, can trigger seizures in unresponsive patients.
Asthma symptoms
Asthma symptoms
Wheezing during both inhalation and exhalation caused by bronchospasm.
Anaphylaxis symptoms
Anaphylaxis symptoms
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Bronchiolitis symptoms
Bronchiolitis symptoms
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CHF symptoms
CHF symptoms
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COVID-19 symptoms
COVID-19 symptoms
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Pneumothorax symptoms
Pneumothorax symptoms
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Wheezing (associated diseases)
Wheezing (associated diseases)
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Rhonchi (associated diseases)
Rhonchi (associated diseases)
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Crackles (associated diseases)
Crackles (associated diseases)
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Stridor (associated diseases)
Stridor (associated diseases)
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Normal blood glucose range
Normal blood glucose range
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Cardiac output calculation
Cardiac output calculation
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Sinoatrial node
Sinoatrial node
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Meningitis symptoms
Meningitis symptoms
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Dissecting aortic aneurysm
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
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Airway obstruction in infants
Airway obstruction in infants
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Angina pectoris cause
Angina pectoris cause
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Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock
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Study Notes
Patient Assessment and Treatment
- In chest discomfort scenarios, geriatric patients often take multiple medications, leading to possible interactions.
- Naloxone may induce seizures in unresponsive heroin overdose patients.
- For acute respiratory distress, using oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask is preferable; focus on secondary assessment.
Medical Conditions and Symptoms
- Asthma: Symptoms include wheezing during inspiration and expiration due to bronchospasm.
- Anaphylaxis: Characterized by flushed skin, hives, generalized edema, hypotension, and respiratory distress.
- Bronchiolitis: Symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, fever, dehydration, tachypnea, and tachycardia.
- CHF Symptoms: Features include lower extremity edema, crackles from pulmonary edema, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
- COVID-19: Symptoms encompass cough, fever, dyspnea, chest pain, and anosmia.
- Pneumothorax: Indicates sudden chest pain and dyspnea with decreased breath sounds on the affected side.
Specific Breath Sounds and Associated Diseases
- Wheezing: Common in asthma, COPD, CHF, pneumonia, bronchitis, and anaphylaxis.
- Rhonchi: Indicates conditions like COPD, pneumonia, and bronchitis due to mucus in large airways.
- Crackles: Found in CHF and pneumonia, indicating fluid in alveoli.
- Stridor: Indicates upper airway obstruction seen in croup and epiglottitis.
Vital Signs and Parameters
- Normal blood glucose levels range from 80-120 mg/dL.
- Cardiac output is calculated as the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute—determined by heart rate and stroke volume.
- The heart's electrical impulse originates in the sinoatrial node.
Medication Administration
- EMTs may administer aspirin, epinephrine, narcan (naloxone), and nitroglycerin among others, for various conditions like chest pain and suspected cardiac issues.
- When administering nitroglycerin, patients may typically take up to three doses before calling for EMS.
Atypical Symptoms and Conditions
- Symptoms indicating meningitis include headache, fever, confusion, and red blotches on the skin.
- Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm: Involves separation of aorta's inner layers.
Pediatric Considerations
- In infants or small children, airway obstruction can occur if the head is overextended or overflexed, due to proportionately large occiputs making tracheas flexible.
Cardiac Conditions and Risks
- Angina pectoris results from myocardial oxygen demand exceeding supply.
- Cardiogenic shock from acute myocardial infarction is caused by decreased heart pumping force.
Scene Safety and Patient Access
- Scene assessment for safety is critical on arrival at emergency situations, ensuring EMT safety before patient intervention.
Assessment Techniques
- AVPU/LOC Questions: Include determining patient awareness and orientation.
- Secondary assessment involves vital checks and focused evaluations.
Renal System Changes
- Age-related changes in the renal system lead to decreased waste clearance and increased difficulty conserving fluids.
Patient Transport
- Positions for late-stage pregnant patients should favor the left side to optimize blood flow and reduce pressure on the vena cava.### Separation Anxiety
- Peaks typically between 10 to 18 months in infants and small children.
Vital Capacity in Elderly
- Vital capacity declines due to factors such as loss of respiratory muscle mass, increased stiffness of the thoracic cage, but not due to increased surface area for air exchange.
Lung Function in Late Adulthood
- After maximum expiration, the amount of air remaining in the lungs increases, which hampers gas diffusion because of stagnant air in the alveoli.
Anterior Fontanelle Fusion
- The anterior fontanelle typically fuses between 9 to 18 months.
Cardiac Function Decline
- Commonly related to atherosclerosis in late adulthood.
Characteristics of a 9-Month-Old Infant
- Notable behaviors include placing objects in the mouth and pulling themselves up to stand.
Infant Vital Signs
- An infant’s normal body temperature is usually higher than that of a preschooler.
Diabetes Mellitus and Aging
- Increased incidence is associated with decreased physical activity, weight gain, and decreased insulin production.
Assessing a 13-Month-Old Child
- During assessment, the child will likely respond to their name but may be fearful of unfamiliar presence.
Hydrostatic Pressure
- Refers to the pressure exerted by a liquid when blood moves through an artery at high pressures.
Somatic Nervous System Functions
- Regulates voluntary activities such as walking, talking, and writing.
Brain Function Coordination
- All critical life functions are coordinated in the brain stem.
Specialized Bone in Front of the Knee
- The patella is the specialized bone located anterior to the knee.
Alveoli Formation
- Terminal ends of bronchioles form the alveoli during the division of the bronchus.
Normal Adult Heart Rate
- At rest, a normal adult heart rate should not exceed 100 beats per minute.
Bile Production and Storage
- Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the gallbladder.
Pons Functionality
- Both areas of the pons augment respirations during emotional or physical stress.
Mechanism of Breathing
- Breathing is triggered by an increase in carbon dioxide, which lowers the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.
Consequences of Capillary Sphincter Closure
- Closure during internal or external bleeding prevents the removal of waste products and delivery of nutrients to cells.
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