Medical Conditions and Patient Assessment
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions could be affected by a patient's history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolisms (PE)?

  • Trigger finger
  • Assessment and treatment techniques (correct)
  • Frozen shoulder
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome

What is a potential risk factor for a patient with hypertension?

  • Trigger finger
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Frozen shoulder
  • Cervical artery disorders (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a condition that can be linked to thyroid disorders?

  • Peripheral vascular disease (correct)
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Frozen shoulder
  • Trigger finger

Why is it crucial to assess a patient's ability to exercise if they have hypertension?

<p>To determine the best interventions for hypertension management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a patient's health history might contraindicate x-rays?

<p>Pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions could potentially impact a patient's gait and balance?

<p>Previous stroke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand a patient's baseline capabilities before providing treatment?

<p>To personalize the treatment plan based on individual needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reason for a patient to carry GTN spray?

<p>To relieve angina symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Rest and digest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

<p>Regulate the sleep-wake cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of chronic stress?

<p>Improved immune function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system is primarily involved in the acute stress response?

<p>Sympatheticoadrenomedullary system (SAM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sleep is characterized by the highest brain activity and is associated with dreaming?

<p>REM sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the long-term wear and tear on the body due to repeated or prolonged stress?

<p>Allostatic load (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain regions is primarily involved in processing the perception of pain as threatening?

<p>Amygdala (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of regular exercise?

<p>Increased risk of coronary heart disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary cells involved in acute inflammation?

<p>White blood cells, especially neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark sign of inflammation?

<p>Numbness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of bone healing does new tissue formation primarily occur?

<p>Proliferation Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the glymphatic system during sleep?

<p>Clearing toxins from the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between innate and adaptive immune responses?

<p>Adaptive responses involve antibodies and lymphocytes, while innate responses do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

<p>They play a key role in tissue repair and remodeling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During REM sleep, which of the following physiological changes occurs?

<p>Muscle activity increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of bradykinin in inflammation?

<p>It sensitizes nerve endings, leading to pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is most at risk for fractures?

<p>Post menopausal females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with an increased risk of joint instability?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive alcohol use cause?

<p>Avascular necrosis and fractures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can diabetes potentially impair?

<p>Nerve healing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered with a patient who has a history of corticosteroid use?

<p>Risk of tendon ruptures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient condition indicates the need for caution during joint examination?

<p>Chronic inflammatory autoimmune conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient with respiratory conditions be prepared to bring to appointments?

<p>Inhaler (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a risk for fractures?

<p>High levels of aerobic exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is indicative of a possible malignancy or systemic disease?

<p>Unexplained weight loss of 5-10% over 3-6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs is suggestive of a cervical vascular pathology?

<p>Dizziness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically associated with cauda equina syndrome?

<p>Saddle anesthesia or pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does unremitting night pain typically suggest?

<p>Inflammation or malignancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when a patient has a suspected infection?

<p>Intravenous drug use (IVDU) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions is relevant for assessing a patient's psychological status?

<p>What does your average day look like? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of joint injuries, what does 'locking' refer to?

<p>True locking associated with bucket handle tears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could fever and night sweats indicate?

<p>An infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acute pain?

<p>It is a sharp, localized pain signaling an injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is involved in enhancing the pain signal?

<p>Substance P (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do primary afferent neurons transmit pain signals?

<p>To the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which brain area do second-order neurons synapse after crossing over?

<p>Thalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the periaqueductal gray (PAG) play in pain modulation?

<p>It helps decrease pain intensity when activated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic pain differ from acute pain?

<p>It lasts longer than three months. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

<p>Parietal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes specialized nerve endings that detect harmful stimuli?

<p>Nociceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Myocardial Infarct (MI)

A previous heart attack, also known as a coronary thrombosis, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.

Angina

Chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. It is often triggered by physical exertion, stress, or cold temperatures.

Osteoporosis

A condition that weakens bones, making them more likely to fracture. Often caused by age-related bone loss.

Hemophilia

A blood clotting disorder that makes it difficult for blood to clot. It can lead to excessive bleeding.

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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A type of blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

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Hypertension

High blood pressure, a condition that puts extra strain on the heart and blood vessels. It can increase the risks of stroke, heart attack, and other cardiovascular problems.

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Parkinson's Disease

A condition that affects the nervous system and can cause symptoms like weakness, tremors, difficulty walking, and cognitive issues.

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A condition that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms including fatigue, muscle weakness, numbness, and difficulty walking.

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Post-menopausal females and fracture risk

Individuals who have gone through menopause are at a higher risk of developing bone fractures, which is linked to the natural decline in estrogen levels.

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Rheumatoid arthritis and steroids: Fracture risk

Rheumatoid arthritis and conditions treated with long-term steroids increase the likelihood of fractures. These conditions can weaken bones and make them more susceptible to breakage.

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Alcohol and fracture risk

Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to avascular necrosis, a condition where bone tissue dies due to lack of blood supply, increasing the risk of fractures.

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Diabetes and fracture risk

Diabetes can affect bone healing and increase the risk of fractures. It can also lead to conditions like frozen shoulder and neuropathies, further hindering mobility and potentially contributing to falls.

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Steroids and osteoporosis

Long-term steroid use can contribute to osteoporosis, making bones fragile and increasing fracture risk.

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Inflammatory conditions and fracture risk

Certain inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis can affect joint structures and increase fracture risk due to inflammation and potential joint instability.

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Cancer and fracture risk

Previous cancer treatment can weaken bones and increase the risk of fractures.

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Anabolic steroids and tendon rupture

People who use anabolic steroids for bodybuilding are at an increased risk of tendon ruptures.

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Malaise

A general feeling of discomfort, weakness, and lack of energy.

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Significant Weight Loss

Unexplained weight loss of 5-10% of body weight over 3-6 months, suggesting a serious underlying condition.

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Unremitting Night Pain

Pain that occurs at night and persists even when resting, often suggesting inflammation or cancer.

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Cauda Equina Syndrome

A condition where the nerves in the lower back are compressed, leading to various symptoms related to the legs, bladder, and bowels.

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Pop or Click at Injury

A pop or click sound heard at the time of injury, often indicating ligament damage or rupture.

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Knee Giving Way

A feeling of the knee giving way or buckling, often associated with ligament instability or rupture.

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Joint Locking

The feeling of a joint locking or catching, suggesting a meniscus tear or other internal damage.

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Immediate Swelling After Injury

Swelling that develops rapidly after an injury, especially within the joint, indicating internal trauma.

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Acute Pain

Short-term pain that arises from tissue damage or injury, often sharp and localized.

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Chronic Pain

Pain that lasts longer than three months, persisting even without obvious injury.

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Nociceptors

Specialized nerve endings in skin, muscles, joints, and organs that detect harmful stimuli like heat or pressure.

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Primary Afferent Neurons

Neurons that transmit pain signals from nociceptors to the spinal cord.

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Dorsal Horn

The area of the spinal cord where pain signals enter and synapse with second-order neurons.

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Spinothalamic Tract

A major pain pathway where second-order neurons ascend the spinal cord to the brain.

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Thalamus

Brain structure that relays pain signals to the somatosensory cortex and other brain areas.

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Somatosensory Cortex

Brain area responsible for conscious perception of pain.

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Homeostasis

A state of balance maintained by the constant adjustment of biochemical and physiological processes to keep the body functioning optimally.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The body's response to stress, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness. It prepares the body for 'fight or flight'.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The body's 'rest and digest' system that promotes relaxation, recovery, and digestion after stress.

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Allostasis

A state of heightened response to stress, exceeding the normal homeostatic level. It involves both physiological and behavioral changes to preserve body balance.

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Allostatic Load

The long-term wear and tear on the body due to repeated or prolonged stress.

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Sympatheticoadrenomedullary (SAM) System

A stress-induced response that involves the release of hormones to prepare the body for immediate action.

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

A hormonal feedback loop that involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands. It regulates the body's response to prolonged stress.

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General Adaptation Syndrome

A series of stages that the body undergoes in response to prolonged stress. These stages include: 1. Alarm (Fight or flight), 2. Resistance (Adaptation to stress), 3. Exhaustion (Depletion of resources).

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Healing

The process where the body heals after an injury, involving three main stages: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

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Inflammation

An innate immune response characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and potential loss of function. It's the body's initial defense mechanism against injury and infection.

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Pain

A complex experience that involves both physical sensations and emotional responses, triggered by signals in the nervous system.

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Inflammatory Phase

The first stage of healing, characterized by the body's initial response to injury, including swelling, redness, and pain. White blood cells rush to the injured area to start the healing process.

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Proliferation Phase

The second stage of healing, where new tissue starts growing and repairing the damaged area. Fibroblasts produce collagen, a key protein in forming new tissues.

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Remodeling Phase

The final stage of healing, where the repaired tissue gains strength and flexibility. It can last for weeks or months, depending on the extent of the injury.

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Chronic Inflammation

A type of inflammation that persists over a long period and can lead to tissue damage. It's often associated with chronic diseases.

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Acute Inflammation

A type of inflammation that occurs immediately after an injury, characterized by rapid response and short duration.

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Study Notes

Joint Types and Movements

  • Wrist: Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) joint, movements include flexion, extension, radial/ulnar deviation, pronation, and supination. Key bones: Radius, Ulna, Carpals.
  • Elbow: Hinge/Pivot joint, movements include flexion, extension, pronation, and supination. Key bones: Humerus, Radius, Ulna.
  • Shoulder: Ball-and-Socket joint, movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial/lateral rotation. Key bones: Scapula, Humerus.
  • Cervical Spine: Synovial/Pivot joint, movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation. Key bones: Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), Axis, Atlas.
  • Thoracic Spine: Synovial joint, movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation. Key bones: Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), Ribs.
  • Lumbar Spine: Synovial joint, movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation. Key bones: Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5).
  • Hip: Ball-and-Socket joint, movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial/lateral rotation. Key bones: Pelvis (acetabulum), Femur (head).
  • Knee: Hinge joint, movements include flexion, extension, medial/lateral rotation. Key bones: Femur, Tibia, Patella.
  • Ankle: Hinge joint, movements include dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion. Key bones: Tibia, Fibula, Talus.

Wrist Movements (6)

  • Flexion: Flexor carpi radialis.
  • Extension: Extensor carpi radialis longus.
  • Radial Deviation (abduction): Flexor carpi radialis.
  • Ulnar Deviation (adduction): Flexor carpi ulnaris.
  • Pronation: Pronator teres.
  • Supination: Supinator.

Elbow Movements (4)

  • Flexion: Biceps brachii.
  • Extension: Triceps brachii.
  • Pronation: Pronator teres.
  • Supination: Supinator.

Shoulder Movements (6)

  • Flexion: Anterior deltoid.
  • Other 5 movements not listed, but are abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and extension.

Cervical Spine Movements (4)

  • Flexion: Sternocleidomastoid.
  • Extension: Trapezius (upper fibers).
  • Lateral Flexion: Sternocleidomastoid.
  • Rotation: Semispinalis capitis.

Thoracic Spine Movements (4)

  • Flexion: Rectus abdominis.
  • Extension: Erector spinae.
  • Lateral Flexion: Quadratus lumborum.
  • Rotation: External oblique.

Lumbar Spine Movements (4)

  • Flexion: Rectus abdominis.
  • Extension: Erector spinae.
  • Lateral Flexion: Quadratus lumborum.
  • Rotation: Internal oblique.

Hip Movements (6)

  • Flexion: Iliopsoas.
  • Extension: Gluteus maximus.
  • Abduction: Gluteus medius.
  • Adduction: Adductor longus.
  • Medial/Internal Rotation: Tensor fasciae latae.
  • Lateral/External Rotation: Gluteus maximus.

Knee Movements (4)

  • Flexion: Hamstrings (e.g., biceps femoris).
  • Extension: Quadriceps (e.g., vastus lateralis).
  • Medial Rotation: Semitendinosus.
  • Lateral Rotation: Biceps femoris.

Ankle Movements (4)

  • Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior.
  • Plantarflexion: Gastrocnemius.
  • Inversion: Tibialis posterior.
  • Eversion: Peroneus longus.

Additional Topics

  • Subjective Assessment includes introduction, consent, questions, patient's concerns, expectations, coping strategies, history of presenting condition (SOCRATES).
  • Objective Assessment - includes observation/ palpation and range of motion testing.

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Description

This quiz assesses knowledge about various medical conditions, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolisms, and hypertension. It also covers the assessment of a patient's health history, exercise capabilities, and the impact of stress on health. Test your understanding of these crucial healthcare concepts.

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