Pathophysiology Textbooks Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary response of T cells after a natural exposure to an antigen?

Activation of regulatory T cells to suppress the immune response

Secretion of interleukins to stimulate B cell proliferation

Rapid production of effector T cells to combat the antigen (correct)

Differentiation into memory T cells for long-term immunity

What antibody action is predominantly associated with T cells during an immune response?

Agglutination

Activation of the complement system

Opsonization

Neutralization (correct)

In acquired immunity, what distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity in relation to T cells?

Active immunity requires exposure to antigens, leading to the production of antibodies or T cells, while passive immunity is obtained through injection of preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes. (correct)

Passive immunity confers long-term protection due to the presence of memory T cells, while active immunity provides temporary protection through effector T cell activity.

Active immunity involves immediate protection due to preformed antibodies, while passive immunity requires time for an immune response to develop.

Active immunity results from the transfer of T lymphocytes from a donor, while passive immunity involves the production of antibodies after immunization.

Which type of lymphocytes are Natural Killer (NK) cells?

Natural Killer (NK) cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

Kill virus-infected and tumor cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by antibody-mediated reactions?

Type II Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is an example of an autoimmune disease?

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I responsible for presenting?

Endogenous antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are formally known as suppressor T cells?

TReg cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of T cytotoxic cells?

Destroy infected or abnormal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which subset of T helper cells is the master regulator of the immune system?

TH1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II responsible for presenting?

Exogenous antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which subset of T helper cells is associated with allergic responses?

TH2 Signup and view all the answers

What do B lymphocytes have receptors for?

Antigenic determinants Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibody is responsible for opsonization?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as a vasodilator in endothelial cells during inflammation?

Nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cytokine is known for its anti-inflammatory properties?

IL10 Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type plays a significant role in chronic inflammation?

Monocytes / Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes chronic inflammation?

It is characterized by persistent tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

Involvement of the adaptive immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of chronic inflammation?

Scar formation and loss of specialized function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of chronic inflammation?

Tissue destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are commonly found infiltrating the tissues in chronic inflammation?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of chronic inflammation if the attempts to repair the tissue are unsuccessful?

Persistent injury/infection Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?

Autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?

Production of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock can be associated with the circulatory abnormalities seen in chronic inflammation?

Cardiogenic shock Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

T Cells and Antigen Response

T cells primarily respond to an antigen by becoming activated and proliferating to perform their specific immune functions.
T cells do not produce antibodies directly but facilitate B cells in antibody production during an immune response.

Active vs. Passive Immunity

Active immunity involves the generation of an immune response through exposure to an antigen, leading to memory cell formation; it is long-lasting.
Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies sourced from another individual (like maternal antibodies), providing immediate but temporary protection.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a critical role in the innate immune response.
The primary function of NK cells is to identify and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization.

Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Diseases

Type II hypersensitivity is characterized by antibody-mediated reactions, leading to cell damage and inflammation.
An example of an autoimmune disease is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where the immune system attacks its own tissues.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

MHC I molecules are responsible for presenting endogenous antigens (from within the cell) to CD8+ T cytotoxic cells.
MHC II molecules present exogenous antigens (from outside the cell) to CD4+ T helper cells.

T Cell Subsets and Functions

Suppressor T cells are formally known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune responses.
T cytotoxic cells (CD8+ cells) function by directly killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
The master regulator of the immune system is the TH1 subset of T helper cells, which plays a crucial role in stimulating cell-mediated immunity.

Allergic Responses and B Lymphocytes

TH2 cells are the T helper cell subset associated with allergic responses, promoting IgE production and eosinophil activation.
B lymphocytes have receptors for specific antigens, which allow them to recognize and bind to pathogens for an immune response.

Antibody Functions

IgG is the class of antibody primarily responsible for opsonization, enhancing phagocytosis of pathogens.

Inflammation Characteristics

Characteristics atypical of acute inflammation include prolonged duration and presence of mononuclear cell infiltration.
Molecules like histamines act as vasodilators in endothelial cells during inflammation, increasing blood flow to the affected area.

Cytokines and Chronic Inflammation

Anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) help regulate and down-modulate the immune response.
Macrophages and lymphocytes play significant roles in chronic inflammation, which is marked by persistent immune activity.

Chronic vs. Acute Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is characterized by lasting tissue damage and continuous immune response, whereas acute inflammation resolves quickly after injury.
A common consequence of chronic inflammation includes fibrosis or scar tissue formation, which may impair organ function.

Features of Chronic Inflammation

In chronic inflammation, the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages is common as they persist in infiltrating tissues.
If tissue repair attempts fail, persistent chronic inflammation can lead to conditions such as cancer or organ dysfunction.

Role of Plasma Cells

Plasma cells, derived from activated B cells, are responsible for producing antibodies in response to ongoing immune challenges.

Shock and Circulatory Abnormalities

Septic shock can be associated with circulatory abnormalities seen in chronic inflammation, leading to organ failure due to persistent systemic inflammation.

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Description

Test your knowledge of pathophysiology textbooks with this quiz. Questions are based on content from various editions of textbooks such as 'Human Anatomy and Physiology' and 'Understanding Pathophysiology.'