Pathophysiology Textbooks Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary response of T cells after a natural exposure to an antigen?

  • Activation of regulatory T cells to suppress the immune response
  • Secretion of interleukins to stimulate B cell proliferation
  • Rapid production of effector T cells to combat the antigen (correct)
  • Differentiation into memory T cells for long-term immunity

    • What antibody action is predominantly associated with T cells during an immune response?

  • Agglutination
  • Activation of the complement system
  • Opsonization
  • Neutralization (correct)

    • In acquired immunity, what distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity in relation to T cells?

  • Active immunity requires exposure to antigens, leading to the production of antibodies or T cells, while passive immunity is obtained through injection of preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes. (correct)
  • Passive immunity confers long-term protection due to the presence of memory T cells, while active immunity provides temporary protection through effector T cell activity.
  • Active immunity involves immediate protection due to preformed antibodies, while passive immunity requires time for an immune response to develop.
  • Active immunity results from the transfer of T lymphocytes from a donor, while passive immunity involves the production of antibodies after immunization.

    • Which type of lymphocytes are Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Natural Killer (NK) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Kill virus-infected and tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by antibody-mediated reactions?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is an example of an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I responsible for presenting?

    <p>Endogenous antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are formally known as suppressor T cells?

    <p>TReg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of T cytotoxic cells?

    <p>Destroy infected or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subset of T helper cells is the master regulator of the immune system?

    <p>TH1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II responsible for presenting?

    <p>Exogenous antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subset of T helper cells is associated with allergic responses?

    <p>TH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do B lymphocytes have receptors for?

    <p>Antigenic determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibody is responsible for opsonization?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule acts as a vasodilator in endothelial cells during inflammation?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cytokine is known for its anti-inflammatory properties?

    <p>IL10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type plays a significant role in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Monocytes / Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes chronic inflammation?

    <p>It is characterized by persistent tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

    <p>Involvement of the adaptive immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Scar formation and loss of specialized function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Tissue destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are commonly found infiltrating the tissues in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of chronic inflammation if the attempts to repair the tissue are unsuccessful?

    <p>Persistent injury/infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock can be associated with the circulatory abnormalities seen in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    T Cells and Antigen Response

    • T cells primarily respond to an antigen by becoming activated and proliferating to perform their specific immune functions.
    • T cells do not produce antibodies directly but facilitate B cells in antibody production during an immune response.

    Active vs. Passive Immunity

    • Active immunity involves the generation of an immune response through exposure to an antigen, leading to memory cell formation; it is long-lasting.
    • Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies sourced from another individual (like maternal antibodies), providing immediate but temporary protection.

    Natural Killer (NK) Cells

    • Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a critical role in the innate immune response.
    • The primary function of NK cells is to identify and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization.

    Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Diseases

    • Type II hypersensitivity is characterized by antibody-mediated reactions, leading to cell damage and inflammation.
    • An example of an autoimmune disease is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where the immune system attacks its own tissues.

    Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

    • MHC I molecules are responsible for presenting endogenous antigens (from within the cell) to CD8+ T cytotoxic cells.
    • MHC II molecules present exogenous antigens (from outside the cell) to CD4+ T helper cells.

    T Cell Subsets and Functions

    • Suppressor T cells are formally known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune responses.
    • T cytotoxic cells (CD8+ cells) function by directly killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
    • The master regulator of the immune system is the TH1 subset of T helper cells, which plays a crucial role in stimulating cell-mediated immunity.

    Allergic Responses and B Lymphocytes

    • TH2 cells are the T helper cell subset associated with allergic responses, promoting IgE production and eosinophil activation.
    • B lymphocytes have receptors for specific antigens, which allow them to recognize and bind to pathogens for an immune response.

    Antibody Functions

    • IgG is the class of antibody primarily responsible for opsonization, enhancing phagocytosis of pathogens.

    Inflammation Characteristics

    • Characteristics atypical of acute inflammation include prolonged duration and presence of mononuclear cell infiltration.
    • Molecules like histamines act as vasodilators in endothelial cells during inflammation, increasing blood flow to the affected area.

    Cytokines and Chronic Inflammation

    • Anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) help regulate and down-modulate the immune response.
    • Macrophages and lymphocytes play significant roles in chronic inflammation, which is marked by persistent immune activity.

    Chronic vs. Acute Inflammation

    • Chronic inflammation is characterized by lasting tissue damage and continuous immune response, whereas acute inflammation resolves quickly after injury.
    • A common consequence of chronic inflammation includes fibrosis or scar tissue formation, which may impair organ function.

    Features of Chronic Inflammation

    • In chronic inflammation, the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages is common as they persist in infiltrating tissues.
    • If tissue repair attempts fail, persistent chronic inflammation can lead to conditions such as cancer or organ dysfunction.

    Role of Plasma Cells

    • Plasma cells, derived from activated B cells, are responsible for producing antibodies in response to ongoing immune challenges.

    Shock and Circulatory Abnormalities

    • Septic shock can be associated with circulatory abnormalities seen in chronic inflammation, leading to organ failure due to persistent systemic inflammation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of pathophysiology textbooks with this quiz. Questions are based on content from various editions of textbooks such as 'Human Anatomy and Physiology' and 'Understanding Pathophysiology.'

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