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Questions and Answers
What is the primary response of T cells after a natural exposure to an antigen?
What is the primary response of T cells after a natural exposure to an antigen?
- Activation of regulatory T cells to suppress the immune response
- Secretion of interleukins to stimulate B cell proliferation
- Rapid production of effector T cells to combat the antigen (correct)
- Differentiation into memory T cells for long-term immunity
What antibody action is predominantly associated with T cells during an immune response?
What antibody action is predominantly associated with T cells during an immune response?
- Agglutination
- Activation of the complement system
- Opsonization
- Neutralization (correct)
In acquired immunity, what distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity in relation to T cells?
In acquired immunity, what distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity in relation to T cells?
- Active immunity requires exposure to antigens, leading to the production of antibodies or T cells, while passive immunity is obtained through injection of preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes. (correct)
- Passive immunity confers long-term protection due to the presence of memory T cells, while active immunity provides temporary protection through effector T cell activity.
- Active immunity involves immediate protection due to preformed antibodies, while passive immunity requires time for an immune response to develop.
- Active immunity results from the transfer of T lymphocytes from a donor, while passive immunity involves the production of antibodies after immunization.
Which type of lymphocytes are Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Which type of lymphocytes are Natural Killer (NK) cells?
What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by antibody-mediated reactions?
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by antibody-mediated reactions?
Which disorder is an example of an autoimmune disease?
Which disorder is an example of an autoimmune disease?
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I responsible for presenting?
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I responsible for presenting?
Which cells are formally known as suppressor T cells?
Which cells are formally known as suppressor T cells?
What is the function of T cytotoxic cells?
What is the function of T cytotoxic cells?
Which subset of T helper cells is the master regulator of the immune system?
Which subset of T helper cells is the master regulator of the immune system?
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II responsible for presenting?
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II responsible for presenting?
Which subset of T helper cells is associated with allergic responses?
Which subset of T helper cells is associated with allergic responses?
What do B lymphocytes have receptors for?
What do B lymphocytes have receptors for?
Which class of antibody is responsible for opsonization?
Which class of antibody is responsible for opsonization?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which molecule acts as a vasodilator in endothelial cells during inflammation?
Which molecule acts as a vasodilator in endothelial cells during inflammation?
Which type of cytokine is known for its anti-inflammatory properties?
Which type of cytokine is known for its anti-inflammatory properties?
Which cell type plays a significant role in chronic inflammation?
Which cell type plays a significant role in chronic inflammation?
Which of the following accurately describes chronic inflammation?
Which of the following accurately describes chronic inflammation?
What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
What is a common consequence of chronic inflammation?
What is a common consequence of chronic inflammation?
What is the primary feature of chronic inflammation?
What is the primary feature of chronic inflammation?
Which cells are commonly found infiltrating the tissues in chronic inflammation?
Which cells are commonly found infiltrating the tissues in chronic inflammation?
What is the main consequence of chronic inflammation if the attempts to repair the tissue are unsuccessful?
What is the main consequence of chronic inflammation if the attempts to repair the tissue are unsuccessful?
Which condition is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?
Which condition is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?
What is the role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?
What is the role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?
Which type of shock can be associated with the circulatory abnormalities seen in chronic inflammation?
Which type of shock can be associated with the circulatory abnormalities seen in chronic inflammation?
Flashcards
What happens when T cells encounter an antigen?
What happens when T cells encounter an antigen?
T cells, a type of lymphocyte, become activated and multiply in response to an antigen, leading to a targeted immune response.
What is the role of T cells in antibody production?
What is the role of T cells in antibody production?
T cells don't directly produce antibodies but instead help B cells produce antibodies during an immune response.
What is active immunity?
What is active immunity?
Active immunity develops from an exposure to an antigen, causing the body to generate its own immune response with memory cells for long-lasting protection.
What is passive immunity?
What is passive immunity?
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What are Natural Killer (NK) cells and what do they do?
What are Natural Killer (NK) cells and what do they do?
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What is type II hypersensitivity?
What is type II hypersensitivity?
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What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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What do MHC I molecules do?
What do MHC I molecules do?
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What do MHC II molecules do?
What do MHC II molecules do?
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What are suppressor T cells or regulatory T cells (Tregs)?
What are suppressor T cells or regulatory T cells (Tregs)?
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How do T cytotoxic cells (CD8+ cells) work?
How do T cytotoxic cells (CD8+ cells) work?
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What are TH1 cells?
What are TH1 cells?
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What are TH2 cells?
What are TH2 cells?
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How do B lymphocytes recognize pathogens?
How do B lymphocytes recognize pathogens?
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What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
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What are atypical characteristics of acute inflammation?
What are atypical characteristics of acute inflammation?
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How do histamines contribute to inflammation?
How do histamines contribute to inflammation?
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What is the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines?
What is the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines?
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Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
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What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation?
What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation?
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What can happen as a result of chronic inflammation?
What can happen as a result of chronic inflammation?
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What are the common features of chronic inflammation?
What are the common features of chronic inflammation?
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What are plasma cells and what do they do?
What are plasma cells and what do they do?
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What is septic shock and what can it cause?
What is septic shock and what can it cause?
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Study Notes
T Cells and Antigen Response
- T cells primarily respond to an antigen by becoming activated and proliferating to perform their specific immune functions.
- T cells do not produce antibodies directly but facilitate B cells in antibody production during an immune response.
Active vs. Passive Immunity
- Active immunity involves the generation of an immune response through exposure to an antigen, leading to memory cell formation; it is long-lasting.
- Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies sourced from another individual (like maternal antibodies), providing immediate but temporary protection.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a critical role in the innate immune response.
- The primary function of NK cells is to identify and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization.
Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Diseases
- Type II hypersensitivity is characterized by antibody-mediated reactions, leading to cell damage and inflammation.
- An example of an autoimmune disease is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where the immune system attacks its own tissues.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- MHC I molecules are responsible for presenting endogenous antigens (from within the cell) to CD8+ T cytotoxic cells.
- MHC II molecules present exogenous antigens (from outside the cell) to CD4+ T helper cells.
T Cell Subsets and Functions
- Suppressor T cells are formally known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune responses.
- T cytotoxic cells (CD8+ cells) function by directly killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
- The master regulator of the immune system is the TH1 subset of T helper cells, which plays a crucial role in stimulating cell-mediated immunity.
Allergic Responses and B Lymphocytes
- TH2 cells are the T helper cell subset associated with allergic responses, promoting IgE production and eosinophil activation.
- B lymphocytes have receptors for specific antigens, which allow them to recognize and bind to pathogens for an immune response.
Antibody Functions
- IgG is the class of antibody primarily responsible for opsonization, enhancing phagocytosis of pathogens.
Inflammation Characteristics
- Characteristics atypical of acute inflammation include prolonged duration and presence of mononuclear cell infiltration.
- Molecules like histamines act as vasodilators in endothelial cells during inflammation, increasing blood flow to the affected area.
Cytokines and Chronic Inflammation
- Anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) help regulate and down-modulate the immune response.
- Macrophages and lymphocytes play significant roles in chronic inflammation, which is marked by persistent immune activity.
Chronic vs. Acute Inflammation
- Chronic inflammation is characterized by lasting tissue damage and continuous immune response, whereas acute inflammation resolves quickly after injury.
- A common consequence of chronic inflammation includes fibrosis or scar tissue formation, which may impair organ function.
Features of Chronic Inflammation
- In chronic inflammation, the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages is common as they persist in infiltrating tissues.
- If tissue repair attempts fail, persistent chronic inflammation can lead to conditions such as cancer or organ dysfunction.
Role of Plasma Cells
- Plasma cells, derived from activated B cells, are responsible for producing antibodies in response to ongoing immune challenges.
Shock and Circulatory Abnormalities
- Septic shock can be associated with circulatory abnormalities seen in chronic inflammation, leading to organ failure due to persistent systemic inflammation.
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Description
Test your knowledge of pathophysiology textbooks with this quiz. Questions are based on content from various editions of textbooks such as 'Human Anatomy and Physiology' and 'Understanding Pathophysiology.'
