Pathophysiology Respiratory Diseases Lecture #2 Symptoms Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Clubbing' refer to in relation to respiratory diseases?

  • Fluid in larger airways
  • Bronchi spasms
  • Fluid in smaller airways
  • Poor distal circulation (correct)

Which term is used to describe 'musical whistling' sounds during breathing?

  • Wheezing (correct)
  • Rhonchi
  • Rales
  • Stridor

What does 'Stridor' indicate in the context of respiratory diseases?

  • Airway obstruction (correct)
  • Fluid in smaller airways
  • Bronchi spasms
  • Turbulent air movement

What can cause 'Crackles' or 'Rales' in the lungs?

<p>Pneumonia or Pulmonary edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Hypoxemia' refers to the condition of:

<p>Not enough Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common viral infection in children that leads to airway narrowing, obstruction, and respiratory failure?

<p>Laryngotracheobronchitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by increased upper respiratory exudate and manifests as hoarseness, sore throat, and difficulty breathing?

<p>Laryngotracheobronchitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves inflammation of the larynx and presents with manifestations such as weak voice, sore throat, and dry cough?

<p>Epiglottitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory condition is caused by overuse and can lead to manifestations like pain on palpation of the anterior neck and muffled voice?

<p>Epiglottitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the viral infection that causes airway swelling in children, leading to seal-like barking cough and dyspnea?

<p>Croup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves increased production of mucus, trapping of air in the lungs, decreased oxygen exchange, dyspnea, and wheezing?

<p>Emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a barking cough in children?

<p>Croup (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment of choice for croup?

<p>Racemic Epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common manifestation of the common cold?

<p>Nasal congestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for the common cold?

<p>2-3 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the sinus cavities?

<p>Sinusitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a life-threatening condition that occludes the airway due to inflammation of the epiglottis?

<p>Epiglottitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common manifestation of epiglottitis?

<p>Stridor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common cause of bronchiolitis?

<p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical manifestation of bronchiolitis?

<p>Chest pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia is confined to a single lobe of the lung?

<p>Lobular pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most frequent type of pneumonia?

<p>Bronchopneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is routinely caused by viruses or uncommon bacteria?

<p>Interstitial pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is acquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting?

<p>Community-acquired pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential treatment for bronchiolitis?

<p>Bronchodilators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia?

<p>Impaired gag reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic tests is typically used for bronchiolitis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic tool used to confirm pneumonia?

<p>Sputum cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with pneumonia in the elderly?

<p>Mental status changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of tuberculosis primary infection?

<p>Formation of granuloma and tubercle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure is specifically recommended for tuberculosis?

<p>Frequent hand washing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate initial treatment for tuberculosis?

<p>Antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with the spread of tuberculosis to lymph nodes?

<p>Type IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key principle emphasized in the text for managing the airway?

<p>Continually practicing multiple airway techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first step in airway management?

<p>Assess the patient's physical features and anatomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the '3-3-2' rule mentioned in the text?

<p>The distance between the patient's teeth, hyoid-mental distance, and thyroid-to-mouth distance should each be 3, 3, and 2 finger widths, respectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Mallampati assessment mentioned in the text?

<p>To classify the ease of visualizing the oropharyngeal structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following airway management techniques is considered the 'Best Way To Manage And Open The Airway' according to the text?

<p>Jaw thrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Range Time' mentioned in the text?

<p>To practice airway management techniques in simulation exercises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the '4-90's' mentioned in the text?

<p>The desired outcomes for airway management: 90% first-time pass success rate for endotracheal intubation, SpO2 above 90%, and systolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Scissor Technique' mentioned in the text?

<p>To open the airway by tilting the patient's head back (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to manage BVM ventilations according to the text?

<p>Two person, two thumbs up, jaw thrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal position for intubating a non-traumatic adult patient?

<p>Sniffing position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when intubating an adult patient?

<p>Remove the stylet and do not let go of the tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to manage an airway using a bag valve mask?

<p>Two person, two thumbs up, jaw thrust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal position for intubating a child or pediatric patient?

<p>Sniffing position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when intubating an adult patient to ensure proper blade and body position?

<p>Look for the anatomical landmarks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to manage BVM ventilations according to the traditional method?

<p>C-E or C-3, the traditional way of utilizing the BVM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Disease

  • Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
  • Orthopnea: sitting up to breathe
  • Apnea: not breathing
  • Hypoxemia: not enough oxygen
  • Cyanosis: blue color in nail beds/lips
  • Sputum: secretion from the lungs
  • Hemoptysis: coughing up blood
  • Cough: productive vs. nonproductive
  • Clubbing: related to poor distal circulation

Rhonchi, Rales, and Crackles

  • Rhonchi: rattling, rumbling lower airway obstructions
  • Rales or Crackles: fluid in smaller airways, related to pneumonia or pulmonary edema
  • "Wet Lungs" and CHF: fluid moved from intravascular to interstitial space, related to high pressures in the pulmonary circulation

Wheezing and Stridor

  • Wheezing: musical whistling, turbulent air movement through constricted bronchioles
  • Stridor: airway obstruction, hoarseness, or croup in children, related to upper airway passages

Upper Respiratory Diseases

  • URI (Acute Rhinitis): common cold, highly contagious, caused by the rhinovirus
  • Allergic Rhinitis (Hay fever): inflammation of the nasal mucosa
  • Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinus cavities, caused by virus, bacteria, or fungus
  • Epiglottitis: life-threatening, inflammation of the epiglottis, usually caused by influenza
  • Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx, usually self-limiting
  • Pharyngitis: inflammation of the pharynx
  • Epistaxies: nosebleed
  • Infectious Rhinitis: common cold, highly contagious, caused by the rhinovirus

Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs

  • Asthma
  • Atelectasis
  • Acute Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Influenza
  • Pulmonary Abscess
  • Lung Cancer
  • Pulmonary TB
  • COPD
  • Bronchiolitis: inflammation of the bronchioles, commonly caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
  • Chronic Bronchitis: increased production of mucus, trapping of air in lungs, decreased O2 exchange, dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, coughing

Pneumonia

  • Causes: infectious agents, injurious agents or events, and pulmonary secretion stasis
  • Viral: usually mild, can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia
  • Bacterial: more common than viral, usually Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Aspiration pneumonia: impaired gag reflex, improper lower esophageal sphincter closure, and inappropriate tube feeding placement
  • Lobular pneumonia: confined to a single lobe
  • Bronchopneumonia: a patchy pneumonia throughout several lobes
  • Interstitial pneumonia or atypical: occurs in the areas between the alveoli, caused by viruses or uncommon bacteria
  • Nosocomial pneumonia: develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission
  • Community-acquired pneumonia: acquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting

Airway Management

  • "Learn as many techniques and execute as one"
  • Have a "game plan" consisting of multiple airway techniques
  • Continually run these algorithms in your mind
  • Practice these skills in simulation exercises
  • Utilize these skills when an opportunity presents

Pre-Plan Airway Management

  • "System One Training"
  • "Range Time"
  • Airway is a team sport
  • Have confidence!
  • Assessment of your patient
  • Develop a plan and delegate
  • Predict the worst
  • Interventions
  • Evaluate
  • REMEMBER THE 4-90'S

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