Pathophysiology of Respiratory System Lecture 6

Questions and Answers

What causes the narrowing of airways during an asthma episode?

Reduction of air pressure in the lungs

Inflammation of the lungs

Excess oxygen in the bloodstream

Tightening of the muscles surrounding the airways (correct)

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to the development of an asthmatic attack?

High altitudes

Airborne pollutants (correct)

Dietary choices

Cold weather

What type of asthma is more likely to develop after the age of 40?

Intrinsic asthma (correct)

Extrinsic asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

Which symptom is predominant in the early stages of Type B Chronic Bronchitis?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Type B Chronic Bronchitis?

Young age of onset Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication in the later stages of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Cor pulmonale Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily responsible for the obstruction of small airways in chronic bronchitis?

Chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for developing a clotting disorder?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What results from the destruction of collagen fibers in emphysema?

Loss of elasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary prerequisite condition for the development of cor pulmonale?

Pulmonary hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What type of substance can cause pulmonary embolism when lodged in a pulmonary artery?

Air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a known cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

Sepsis secondary to pulmonary infections Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by hyperplasia of goblet cells?

Chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

What complication occurs due to the buildup of fluid in the lungs during ARDS?

Decreased lung compliance Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cigarette smoking on the development of chronic bronchitis?

Slowed ciliary phagocytic activity Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to right heart failure as a result of primary lung disease?

Cor pulmonale Signup and view all the answers

Which change primarily occurs in the respiratory bronchioles due to emphysema?

Destruction of alveolar walls Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common etiology associated with ARDS?

Deficiency of surfactant Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism leads to decreased alveolar surface area in emphysema?

Collapsing of air passages Signup and view all the answers

What is a manifestation of cor pulmonale?

Signs of right-sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the treatment of cor pulmonale?

It targets correction of alveolar hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?

To facilitate exchange of gases between the environment and blood Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the respiratory system involves the flow of blood through the lungs?

Perfusion Signup and view all the answers

Where are the primary control centers for breathing located?

Medulla and pons Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hypercapnia have on respiration?

Increases rate and depth of respirations Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoxemia characterized by?

A marked decrease in oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

What factor is the most crucial stimulator of the respiratory center?

Increase in partial pressure of CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What role do central and peripheral chemoreceptors play in respiration?

They detect changes in blood gas levels Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does NOT participate in the cough reflex?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors primarily located?

In the carotid bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of smoking on respiratory defenses?

Paralysis of cilia Signup and view all the answers

Why is cyanosis considered an unreliable sign of respiratory insufficiency?

It is always a late sign of respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a stage in bacterial pneumonia?

Gray hepatization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can cause hemoptysis?

Active tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response mechanism is involved in clearing foreign bodies from the respiratory tract?

Cough reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of the inflammatory response in pneumonia?

Decreased lung compliance Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory defense mechanism involves the action of cilia?

Mucociliary blanket Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infections?

Presence of lung receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of bacterial pneumonia is characterized by increased blood flow and capillary permeability?

Stage 1 (Hyperemia) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiration and Gas Exchange

Respiration involves the movement of oxygen (O2) from the atmosphere to cells and carbon dioxide (CO2) from cells to the environment.
The pulmonary system's primary role is to facilitate gas exchange between the environment and blood.

Components of the Respiratory System

Ventilation: Air movement between the atmosphere and lung respiratory portions.
Perfusion: Blood flow through the lungs, transporting blood into and out of lung capillaries to body organs.
Diffusion: Gas transfer between air spaces in the lungs and blood.

Control of Ventilation

Breathing is primarily controlled by centers in the medulla and pons.
Chemoreceptors: Detect changes in CO2, hydrogen ions, and O2 levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Central Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla.
- Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Located in the carotid bodies.

Ventilation Responses

Hypercapnia: Increased blood CO2 levels stimulate the respiratory center, causing hyperventilation and leading to respiratory acidosis.
Hypoxemia: Significant decrease in oxygen triggers chemoreceptor response, particularly in those with chronic lung disease, often leading to a hypoxic drive.

Asthma Overview

Asthma is a progressive respiratory disease characterized by airway narrowing due to muscle tightening, swelling, and excessive mucus production.
Contributing factors include allergens, infections, exercise, drugs, hormonal changes, and airborne pollutants.

Chronic Bronchitis Characteristics

Associated with smoking, onset typically occurs between ages 30-40.
Symptoms include shortness of breath, frequent sputum production, cyanosis, and potential cor pulmonale and polycythemia.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Comprises diseases with increased airflow resistance, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Emphysema: Permanent alveolar enlargement and lung tissue destruction.
Chronic Bronchitis: Characterized by small airway obstruction and goblet cell hyperplasia; results in decreased ventilation and potential complications.

Cor Pulmonale

Right heart failure due to chronic lung disease and pulmonary hypertension is termed cor pulmonale.
Treatment focuses on correcting alveolar hypoxia, with accompanying symptoms of primary lung disease and right-sided heart failure.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

ARDS is a life-threatening condition caused by lung inflammation leading to fluid accumulation in air sacs, hindering oxygen transfer.
Causes of ARDS include aspiration, major trauma, sepsis, and hematologic disorders.

Common Respiratory Infections

Upper respiratory infections can lead to inflammation and swelling, manifested by increased mucus production.
Infectious pneumonia involves inflammation of lung structures, commonly caused by bacterial or viral agents.

Pneumonia Stages

Hyperemia: Initial inflammatory response causing increased blood flow and capillary permeability, leading to fluid buildup.
Red Hepatization: Alveoli fill with red blood cells, exudates, and fibrin.
Gray Hepatization: White blood cells invade the infected area; fibrin deposits accumulate.
Resolution: Removal of cell debris, with macrophages dominating the response.

Smoking Effects on Respiratory Defense

Smoking weakens respiratory defenses, increases mucus production, and paralyzes cilia, leading to trapped particles and a higher risk of infections.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz focuses on the pathophysiology of the respiratory system, highlighting the gas exchange processes between the atmosphere and body cells. It is designed for students to assess their understanding of key concepts discussed in Lecture #6 by Prof. Zeinab Al-Wahsh during the Summer 2024 term.