Pathophysiology of Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region Diseases

26 Questions

What cells in the kidney stimulate renin release with decreased renal blood flow, decreased plasma Na+, and increased sympathetic tone?

Juxtaglomerular cells

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

Renin

Which hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ reabsorption and H+/K+ excretion?

Aldosterone

What is the primary cause of Cushing syndrome in 70% of cases?

Adrenal adenoma

Which hormone stimulates the production of androgens from 17-hydroxypregnenolone?

ACTH

Which condition is characterized by early growth spurts, premature development of facial and pubic hair, and enlarged genitals in children?

Virilizing tumors

At what age does adrenal cortical cancer typically present with a bimodal age distribution?

>50 years

Which hormone does the adrenal medulla produce and release?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

What is the incidence of adrenal lesions found during routine imaging?

3%-4%

What is the primary cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?

Autoimmune disease

Which type of hernia involves the sac exiting through the femoral canal, medial to the femoral vein?

Femoral hernia

What is the primary causative factor of indirect inguinal hernia in the pediatric population?

Persistence of a patent processus vaginalis

What is the key feature associated with acute epididymo-orchitis?

Tenderness over the spermatic cord and epididymis

What is the most common type of hernia, regardless of sex?

Indirect inguinal hernia

What is a characteristic feature of a direct inguinal hernia?

Sac exits through Hesselbach triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

Which type of hernia represents a weakening of the linea alba and stretching of the rectus abdominis muscles, without a true herniation of abdominal contents?

Rectus diastasis

What characterizes an Amyand hernia?

Incarceration of the appendix

What is a contributing factor for femoral hernias?

Obesity

"Howship-Romberg sign" is associated with which type of hernia?

"Obturator hernia"

What is a characteristic feature of a sliding hernia?

Wall of the sac is composed of a viscus (commonly sigmoid colon, cecum, or bladder)

What is the term for the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it?

Hernia

Which term refers to nonreducible hernia sac contents that may present with obstructive symptoms and pain?

Incarceration

What does strangulation in the context of a hernia refer to?

Incarcerated hernia with vascular compromise of sac contents

What is the term for the condition where the contents of the hernia sac can be returned to their normal location?

Reducibility

What percentage of all people will develop a hernia in their lifetime?

5%–24%

Which term refers to the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it, from the Latin for 'rupture'?