Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient is diagnosed with an incarcerated hernia. What does this indicate about their condition?
A patient is diagnosed with an incarcerated hernia. What does this indicate about their condition?
- The hernia can be easily pushed back into the abdominal cavity.
- The hernia is only visible during periods of increased abdominal pressure.
- The hernia is trapped and cannot be reduced. (correct)
- The hernia is causing no noticeable symptoms.
Which lifestyle factor, if modified, would most likely reduce the risk of developing a hernia?
Which lifestyle factor, if modified, would most likely reduce the risk of developing a hernia?
- Increasing intake of vitamin D-rich foods.
- Switching from a low-fiber to a high-fiber diet.
- Using proper posture when sitting for extended periods.
- Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise. (correct)
What is the primary rationale for instructing a patient with a hernia to avoid heavy lifting?
What is the primary rationale for instructing a patient with a hernia to avoid heavy lifting?
- To prevent increased intra-abdominal pressure that could worsen the hernia. (correct)
- To avoid exacerbating any pre-existing back pain.
- To minimize the risk of muscle strain in the extremities.
- To reduce the likelihood of damaging the surgical site if the patient had a recent repair.
Following a hernia repair, a patient reports increasing pain at the incision site accompanied by a fever. Which complication should the nurse suspect?
Following a hernia repair, a patient reports increasing pain at the incision site accompanied by a fever. Which complication should the nurse suspect?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is experiencing frequent heartburn, especially after meals. What dietary modification should the nurse recommend to best address this?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is experiencing frequent heartburn, especially after meals. What dietary modification should the nurse recommend to best address this?
A patient with a sliding hiatal hernia reports experiencing regurgitation, especially when lying down. How does elevating the head of the bed help manage this symptom?
A patient with a sliding hiatal hernia reports experiencing regurgitation, especially when lying down. How does elevating the head of the bed help manage this symptom?
Which category of medication would be LEAST appropriate for long-term management of a hiatal hernia?
Which category of medication would be LEAST appropriate for long-term management of a hiatal hernia?
A patient with a known esophageal diverticulum presents with halitosis and regurgitation of undigested food. What is the underlying cause of these symptoms?
A patient with a known esophageal diverticulum presents with halitosis and regurgitation of undigested food. What is the underlying cause of these symptoms?
Why is a barium enema contraindicated in the acute phase of diverticulitis?
Why is a barium enema contraindicated in the acute phase of diverticulitis?
A patient with diverticulitis is prescribed a clear liquid diet. Which of the following indicates the patient understands the rationale for this dietary restriction?
A patient with diverticulitis is prescribed a clear liquid diet. Which of the following indicates the patient understands the rationale for this dietary restriction?
A patient recovering from diverticulitis asks about dietary changes to prevent future episodes. Which dietary recommendation is most appropriate?
A patient recovering from diverticulitis asks about dietary changes to prevent future episodes. Which dietary recommendation is most appropriate?
A patient with diverticulitis develops a fever, persistent abdominal pain, and a rigid abdomen. Which potential complication should the nurse suspect?
A patient with diverticulitis develops a fever, persistent abdominal pain, and a rigid abdomen. Which potential complication should the nurse suspect?
What is the primary mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori contributes to the formation of peptic ulcers?
What is the primary mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori contributes to the formation of peptic ulcers?
Which lifestyle modification should be prioritized for a patient diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease to promote healing and prevent recurrence?
Which lifestyle modification should be prioritized for a patient diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease to promote healing and prevent recurrence?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease reports that pain is typically relieved after eating. In which location is the ulcer most likely situated?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease reports that pain is typically relieved after eating. In which location is the ulcer most likely situated?
A patient with a history of peptic ulcer disease presents with sudden, severe abdominal pain, a rigid abdomen, and signs of shock. Which complication should be suspected?
A patient with a history of peptic ulcer disease presents with sudden, severe abdominal pain, a rigid abdomen, and signs of shock. Which complication should be suspected?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which pathophysiological mechanism contributes MOST directly to this condition?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which pathophysiological mechanism contributes MOST directly to this condition?
A patient with cirrhosis is at risk for hepatic encephalopathy. What dietary modification is typically prescribed to help manage this risk?
A patient with cirrhosis is at risk for hepatic encephalopathy. What dietary modification is typically prescribed to help manage this risk?
A patient with cirrhosis develops esophageal varices. What is the most life-threatening risk associated with this condition?
A patient with cirrhosis develops esophageal varices. What is the most life-threatening risk associated with this condition?
What clinical finding differentiates hepatic encephalopathy from other altered mental status conditions?
What clinical finding differentiates hepatic encephalopathy from other altered mental status conditions?
A patient admitted with acute cholecystitis reports severe right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder. What phenomenon is MOST likely causing this referred pain?
A patient admitted with acute cholecystitis reports severe right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder. What phenomenon is MOST likely causing this referred pain?
Which laboratory finding is MOST indicative of acute cholecystitis?
Which laboratory finding is MOST indicative of acute cholecystitis?
A patient is scheduled for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. What postoperative instruction is MOST important to provide regarding pain management?
A patient is scheduled for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. What postoperative instruction is MOST important to provide regarding pain management?
Following a cholecystectomy, a patient is tolerating a regular diet but continues to experience bloating and diarrhea after meals. What dietary modification should the nurse suggest?
Following a cholecystectomy, a patient is tolerating a regular diet but continues to experience bloating and diarrhea after meals. What dietary modification should the nurse suggest?
What is the primary mechanism that leads to autodigestion of the pancreas in acute pancreatitis?
What is the primary mechanism that leads to autodigestion of the pancreas in acute pancreatitis?
A patient with acute pancreatitis is NPO and receiving intravenous fluids. What is the rationale for maintaining NPO status?
A patient with acute pancreatitis is NPO and receiving intravenous fluids. What is the rationale for maintaining NPO status?
Which assessment finding is MOST indicative of hypocalcemia in a patient with acute pancreatitis?
Which assessment finding is MOST indicative of hypocalcemia in a patient with acute pancreatitis?
A patient with acute pancreatitis is being discharged. What dietary instruction is MOST important to prevent recurrence?
A patient with acute pancreatitis is being discharged. What dietary instruction is MOST important to prevent recurrence?
What is the primary pathophysiological process underlying the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
What is the primary pathophysiological process underlying the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
What is the primary mechanism by which alpha-adrenergic blockers improve urinary flow in patients with BPH?
What is the primary mechanism by which alpha-adrenergic blockers improve urinary flow in patients with BPH?
A patient post-TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate) is receiving continuous bladder irrigation. What is the primary purpose of this irrigation?
A patient post-TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate) is receiving continuous bladder irrigation. What is the primary purpose of this irrigation?
A patient with BPH is considering treatment options. Which medication works by reducing the size of the prostate gland over time?
A patient with BPH is considering treatment options. Which medication works by reducing the size of the prostate gland over time?
Which factor is MOST likely to predispose a male patient to prostatitis?
Which factor is MOST likely to predispose a male patient to prostatitis?
A patient diagnosed with chronic prostatitis reports persistent pelvic pain and dysuria. What non-pharmacological intervention might provide symptomatic relief?
A patient diagnosed with chronic prostatitis reports persistent pelvic pain and dysuria. What non-pharmacological intervention might provide symptomatic relief?
Why is it important to continue antibiotic treatment as prescribed for prostatitis?
Why is it important to continue antibiotic treatment as prescribed for prostatitis?
A patient with prostatitis is prescribed an alpha-adrenergic blocker. Besides improving urinary symptoms, what other potential side effect should the patient be educated about?
A patient with prostatitis is prescribed an alpha-adrenergic blocker. Besides improving urinary symptoms, what other potential side effect should the patient be educated about?
Which instructions would you provide a patient with PUD regarding when to take their medication?
Which instructions would you provide a patient with PUD regarding when to take their medication?
Why would a provider request a chemistry panel to diagnose a patient with prostatitis?
Why would a provider request a chemistry panel to diagnose a patient with prostatitis?
A patient recovering from diverticulitis asks about dietary considerations to prevent future episodes. Which dietary choices would be MOST appropriate?
A patient recovering from diverticulitis asks about dietary considerations to prevent future episodes. Which dietary choices would be MOST appropriate?
What is the appropriate nursing intervention for a patient recovering from a hernia?
What is the appropriate nursing intervention for a patient recovering from a hernia?
A patient with Cirrhosis will likely have:
A patient with Cirrhosis will likely have:
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of cirrhosis that the nurse should regularly assess?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of cirrhosis that the nurse should regularly assess?
What is the primary difference between a reducible and an incarcerated hernia?
What is the primary difference between a reducible and an incarcerated hernia?
Which physiological mechanism explains how straining contributes to hernia development?
Which physiological mechanism explains how straining contributes to hernia development?
In a patient with a hernia, what finding would necessitate immediate surgical intervention to prevent a life-threatening complication?
In a patient with a hernia, what finding would necessitate immediate surgical intervention to prevent a life-threatening complication?
Following a hernia repair, a patient reports constipation. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
Following a hernia repair, a patient reports constipation. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
For a patient experiencing impaired swallowing due to a hiatal hernia, what food modification is MOST appropriate?
For a patient experiencing impaired swallowing due to a hiatal hernia, what food modification is MOST appropriate?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is prescribed a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication in managing the hernia's symptoms?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is prescribed a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication in managing the hernia's symptoms?
What is the PRIMARY concern when a patient with an esophageal diverticulum aspirates regurgitated material?
What is the PRIMARY concern when a patient with an esophageal diverticulum aspirates regurgitated material?
During an acute episode of diverticulitis, why is a high-fiber diet contraindicated?
During an acute episode of diverticulitis, why is a high-fiber diet contraindicated?
A patient with diverticulitis is prescribed intravenous antibiotics. What assessment finding indicates the MOST effective response to the antibiotics?
A patient with diverticulitis is prescribed intravenous antibiotics. What assessment finding indicates the MOST effective response to the antibiotics?
What is the PRIMARY rationale for advising individuals with diverticulosis to maintain a high-fiber diet?
What is the PRIMARY rationale for advising individuals with diverticulosis to maintain a high-fiber diet?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer disease. Which diagnostic test provides the MOST definitive confirmation of the diagnosis?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer disease. Which diagnostic test provides the MOST definitive confirmation of the diagnosis?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease is prescribed a combination of antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). What is the rationale for this combination therapy?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease is prescribed a combination of antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). What is the rationale for this combination therapy?
A patient with cirrhosis exhibits signs of hepatic encephalopathy. What assessment finding is MOST indicative of this complication?
A patient with cirrhosis exhibits signs of hepatic encephalopathy. What assessment finding is MOST indicative of this complication?
A patient with advanced cirrhosis develops ascites and is scheduled for a paracentesis. What nursing intervention is MOST important immediately following the procedure?
A patient with advanced cirrhosis develops ascites and is scheduled for a paracentesis. What nursing intervention is MOST important immediately following the procedure?
In a patient with cirrhosis, what pathophysiological process leads to the development of esophageal varices?
In a patient with cirrhosis, what pathophysiological process leads to the development of esophageal varices?
A patient with cirrhosis is prescribed lactulose. What is the primary rationale for administering this medication?
A patient with cirrhosis is prescribed lactulose. What is the primary rationale for administering this medication?
A patient is diagnosed with acalculous cholecystitis. What is the underlying cause of this condition?
A patient is diagnosed with acalculous cholecystitis. What is the underlying cause of this condition?
A patient with cholecystitis reports that fatty foods exacerbate their abdominal pain. What is the physiological explanation for this phenomenon?
A patient with cholecystitis reports that fatty foods exacerbate their abdominal pain. What is the physiological explanation for this phenomenon?
Following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a patient complains of right shoulder pain. What is the MOST likely cause of this pain?
Following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a patient complains of right shoulder pain. What is the MOST likely cause of this pain?
A patient is recovering from acute pancreatitis. Which serum laboratory value is the MOST sensitive indicator that pancreatic inflammation is subsiding?
A patient is recovering from acute pancreatitis. Which serum laboratory value is the MOST sensitive indicator that pancreatic inflammation is subsiding?
In acute pancreatitis, what is the significance of monitoring serum calcium levels?
In acute pancreatitis, what is the significance of monitoring serum calcium levels?
A patient being treated for acute pancreatitis develops flank bruising (Grey Turner's sign). What does this clinical finding suggest?
A patient being treated for acute pancreatitis develops flank bruising (Grey Turner's sign). What does this clinical finding suggest?
What is the primary mechanism by which 5-alpha reductase inhibitors reduce symptoms of BPH?
What is the primary mechanism by which 5-alpha reductase inhibitors reduce symptoms of BPH?
A patient with BPH is prescribed an anticholinergic medication. What potential side effect should the patient be educated about?
A patient with BPH is prescribed an anticholinergic medication. What potential side effect should the patient be educated about?
Following a TURP procedure, a patient experiences bladder spasms. What intervention is MOST appropriate to manage this complication?
Following a TURP procedure, a patient experiences bladder spasms. What intervention is MOST appropriate to manage this complication?
A patient with chronic prostatitis is using sitz baths to manage symptoms. What is the primary purpose of this intervention?
A patient with chronic prostatitis is using sitz baths to manage symptoms. What is the primary purpose of this intervention?
Why is it important to use safe sex practices with Prostatitis?
Why is it important to use safe sex practices with Prostatitis?
Why is a renal ultrasound performed when diagnosing Prostatitis?
Why is a renal ultrasound performed when diagnosing Prostatitis?
Why are alpha adrenergic blockers given when treating Prostatitis?
Why are alpha adrenergic blockers given when treating Prostatitis?
Which diagnosis does grey stool correlate with?
Which diagnosis does grey stool correlate with?
Patients should be taught which of the following when taking medication for peptic ulcer disease?
Patients should be taught which of the following when taking medication for peptic ulcer disease?
Which intervention would you not use on a patient with diverticulitis?
Which intervention would you not use on a patient with diverticulitis?
Which of these foods would be an appropriate intervention to suggest to a patient who needs to consume more calories minimizing weightloss?
Which of these foods would be an appropriate intervention to suggest to a patient who needs to consume more calories minimizing weightloss?
Which of these is not a clinical manifestation of cirrhosis?
Which of these is not a clinical manifestation of cirrhosis?
Which of the following is a possible treatment recommendation for patients diagnosed with cholecystitis?
Which of the following is a possible treatment recommendation for patients diagnosed with cholecystitis?
When diagnosed with Prostatitis, why should all medications be taken as prescribed?
When diagnosed with Prostatitis, why should all medications be taken as prescribed?
What kind of diet should a patient recovering from acute pancreatitis?
What kind of diet should a patient recovering from acute pancreatitis?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of BPH?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of BPH?
What is the teaching required regarding the use of alcohol in patients with cirrhosis?
What is the teaching required regarding the use of alcohol in patients with cirrhosis?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST concerning in a patient following a hernia repair?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST concerning in a patient following a hernia repair?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is prescribed metoclopramide. What is the primary reason for this medication?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is prescribed metoclopramide. What is the primary reason for this medication?
A patient with an esophageal diverticulum is scheduled for an esophagectomy. Postoperatively, which nursing intervention is MOST crucial?
A patient with an esophageal diverticulum is scheduled for an esophagectomy. Postoperatively, which nursing intervention is MOST crucial?
A patient with diverticulitis is being discharged on oral antibiotics. What instruction should the nurse emphasize to prevent complications?
A patient with diverticulitis is being discharged on oral antibiotics. What instruction should the nurse emphasize to prevent complications?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease is prescribed sucralfate. When should the nurse instruct the patient to take this medication?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease is prescribed sucralfate. When should the nurse instruct the patient to take this medication?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing pruritus. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate to address this symptom?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing pruritus. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate to address this symptom?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites and is undergoing paracentesis. What is the MOST important nursing action during this procedure?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites and is undergoing paracentesis. What is the MOST important nursing action during this procedure?
A patient recovering from a cholecystectomy reports experiencing nausea after eating high-fat foods. What is the BEST explanation for this?
A patient recovering from a cholecystectomy reports experiencing nausea after eating high-fat foods. What is the BEST explanation for this?
A patient with acute pancreatitis develops hyperglycemia. Which factor is MOST likely contributing to this?
A patient with acute pancreatitis develops hyperglycemia. Which factor is MOST likely contributing to this?
A patient with acute pancreatitis is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). What is the primary rationale for this intervention?
A patient with acute pancreatitis is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). What is the primary rationale for this intervention?
A patient with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is prescribed finasteride. The nurse understands that the medication
A patient with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is prescribed finasteride. The nurse understands that the medication
A patient with BPH is being considered for a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). What information is MOST important for the nurse to provide to the patient preoperatively?
A patient with BPH is being considered for a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). What information is MOST important for the nurse to provide to the patient preoperatively?
A patient with chronic prostatitis reports increased perineal pain after ejaculation. What intervention should the nurse suggest?
A patient with chronic prostatitis reports increased perineal pain after ejaculation. What intervention should the nurse suggest?
A patient is being evaluated for possible prostatitis. Which diagnostic finding is MOST indicative of a bacterial infection of the prostate?
A patient is being evaluated for possible prostatitis. Which diagnostic finding is MOST indicative of a bacterial infection of the prostate?
A patient who underwent hernia repair surgery several days ago reports increased abdominal distention and decreased bowel sounds. Which complication should the nurse suspect?
A patient who underwent hernia repair surgery several days ago reports increased abdominal distention and decreased bowel sounds. Which complication should the nurse suspect?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is scheduled for a Nissen fundoplication. What should you educate the patient preoperatively?
A patient with a hiatal hernia is scheduled for a Nissen fundoplication. What should you educate the patient preoperatively?
During an acute episode of diverticulitis, a patient reports severe abdominal pain and a rigid abdomen. What is the priority nursing intervention?
During an acute episode of diverticulitis, a patient reports severe abdominal pain and a rigid abdomen. What is the priority nursing intervention?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) who is H. pylori positive is prescribed triple therapy. Besides a proton pump inhibitor, which medications will the patient likely receive?
A patient with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) who is H. pylori positive is prescribed triple therapy. Besides a proton pump inhibitor, which medications will the patient likely receive?
A patient with cirrhosis is scheduled for a paracentesis. Which of the following nursing interventions is MOST important before the procedure?
A patient with cirrhosis is scheduled for a paracentesis. Which of the following nursing interventions is MOST important before the procedure?
A patient with acute pancreatitis develops tetany during hospitalization. Which electrolyte imbalance is the MOST likely cause?
A patient with acute pancreatitis develops tetany during hospitalization. Which electrolyte imbalance is the MOST likely cause?
Flashcards
Pathophysiology of Hernia
Pathophysiology of Hernia
Intestines protrude through abdominal opening; can be reducible or incarcerated.
Causes of a Hernia
Causes of a Hernia
Straining, heavy lifting, twists, pulls, weight gain, chronic cough, abdominal surgery.
Risk Factors for Hernia
Risk Factors for Hernia
Obesity, smoking, wound tension, malnutrition, pregnancy, medications.
Hernia: Clinical Manifestation
Hernia: Clinical Manifestation
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Hernia Diagnosis
Hernia Diagnosis
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Hernia: Nonsurgical Management
Hernia: Nonsurgical Management
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Hernia: Surgical Management
Hernia: Surgical Management
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Hernia Complications
Hernia Complications
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Hernia: Nursing Assessments
Hernia: Nursing Assessments
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Hernia: Nursing Diagnosis
Hernia: Nursing Diagnosis
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Hernia: Actions
Hernia: Actions
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Hernia: Teaching
Hernia: Teaching
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Pathophysiology of Hiatal Hernia
Pathophysiology of Hiatal Hernia
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Risk Factors for Hiatal Hernia
Risk Factors for Hiatal Hernia
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Hiatal Hernia: Diagnosis
Hiatal Hernia: Diagnosis
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Hiatal Hernia: Medications
Hiatal Hernia: Medications
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Hiatal Hernia: Surgical Management
Hiatal Hernia: Surgical Management
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Hiatal Hernia: Complications
Hiatal Hernia: Complications
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Hiatal Hernia: Assessments
Hiatal Hernia: Assessments
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Hiatal Hernia: Nursing Diagnoses
Hiatal Hernia: Nursing Diagnoses
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Hiatal Hernia: Actions
Hiatal Hernia: Actions
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Hiatal Hernia: Teaching
Hiatal Hernia: Teaching
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Esophageal Diverticula
Esophageal Diverticula
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Pathophysiology of Diverticulitis
Pathophysiology of Diverticulitis
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Diverticulitis: Clinical Manifestations
Diverticulitis: Clinical Manifestations
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Diverticulitis: Diagnosis
Diverticulitis: Diagnosis
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Diverticulitis: Treatment
Diverticulitis: Treatment
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Diverticulitis: Surgical Management
Diverticulitis: Surgical Management
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Diverticulitis: Complications
Diverticulitis: Complications
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Diverticulitis: Assessments
Diverticulitis: Assessments
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Diverticulitis: Nursing Diagnoses
Diverticulitis: Nursing Diagnoses
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Diverticulitis: Actions
Diverticulitis: Actions
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Diverticulitis: Teaching
Diverticulitis: Teaching
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Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Clinical Manifestations
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Clinical Manifestations
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Diagnosis
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Diagnosis
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ELISA
ELISA
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Medication Goals
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Medication Goals
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Surgical Management
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Surgical Management
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Complications
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Complications
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Nursing Diagnoses
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Nursing Diagnoses
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Assessments
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Assessments
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Actions
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Actions
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Peptic Ulcer Disease: Teaching
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Teaching
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GI Bleeding
GI Bleeding
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GI Bleeding
GI Bleeding
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Study Notes
Hernia Pathophysiology
- Intestines protrude through an abdominal opening.
- Two types: reducible and incarcerated.
Causes of Hernia
- Straining, heavy lifting, sudden twists or pulls.
- Muscle strain, weight gain, chronic cough, previous abdominal surgery.
Hernia Risk Factors
- Obesity, smoking, excessive wound tension.
- Malnutrition, pregnancy, certain medications.
Hernia Clinical Manifestations
- Bulge or visible swelling.
Hernia Diagnosis
- Physical examination.
- Herniography.
Hernia Nonsurgical Management
- Binder use.
Hernia Surgical Management
- Hernia repair.
Hernia Complications
- Strangulation of intestine.
- Recurrence, infection.
Hernia Assessments
- Vital signs, pain assessment.
- Intake and output monitoring.
- Surgical site assessment.
Hernia Nursing Diagnoses
- Acute pain.
- Knowledge deficit.
Hernia Actions
- Encourage deep breathing exercises.
- Administer pain medication, apply ice pack.
- Initiate clear liquid diet, advance as tolerated.
Hernia Teaching
- Discourage coughing and heavy lifting.
- Focus on pain management.
- Instruct to observe incisions.
Hiatal Hernia Pathophysiology
- A portion of the stomach protrudes upward through the esophageal hiatus.
- Types include sliding (type 1) and rolling (type 2).
Hiatal Hernia Risk Factors
- Residing in Western countries.
- Obesity, pregnancy, smoking.
Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis
- Upper abdominal x-ray.
- Endoscopy.
- Barium swallow with fluoroscopy.
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
Hiatal Hernia Medications
- Antacids.
- Proton pump inhibitors.
- H2-receptor antagonists.
- Complimentary medicine.
Hiatal Hernia Surgical Management
- Hernia repair.
Hiatal Hernia Complications
- Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD).
- Supradiaphragmatic volvulus.
Hiatal Hernia Assessments
- Dysphagia.
- Clinical manifestations of GERD.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Iron-deficiency anemia.
Hiatal Hernia Nursing Diagnoses
- Impaired swallowing.
- Anxiety.
- Pain.
- Knowledge deficit.
Hiatal Hernia Actions
- Medication management.
- Position patient supine on the left side.
- Elevate head of bed (HOB) after meals.
Hiatal Hernia Teaching
- Limit spicy foods, caffeine, chocolate, carbonated drinks, acidic foods, peppermint, alcohol, and certain medications.
- Eat meals 2 hours before lying supine.
- Wear nonrestrictive clothing and maintain a normal weight.
- Maintain proper positioning after eating.
- Understand when to seek medical care.
- Receive postoperative education.
Esophageal Diverticula Pathophysiology
- Outpouching of the esophageal wall that becomes inflamed.
Diverticulitis Pathophysiology
- Outpouching of the intestinal wall that becomes inflamed.
Diverticulitis Clinical Manifestations
- Abdominal pain, fever.
- Leukocytosis, palpable mass.
Diverticulitis Diagnosis
- Abdominal x-ray.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan (no Barium enema).
Diverticulitis Treatment
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics for 7-10 days.
- Clear liquid diet.
- Intravenous (IV) fluids.
- NPO and bowel rest.
Diverticulitis Surgical Management
- Indicated for perforation, obstruction, abscess formation, fistula formation.
Diverticulitis Complications
- Perforation, microperforation.
- Abscess, fistula formation.
- Bowel obstruction, bleeding.
Diverticulitis Assessments
- Vital signs.
- Serum potassium (hypokalemia with NG tube).
- Intake and output.
- Pain, mental status.
Diverticulitis Nursing Diagnoses
- Acute pain.
- Knowledge deficit.
Diverticulitis Actions
- Administer IV fluids and antibiotics as ordered.
- Insert nasogastric tube to lower intermittent suction.
- Provide oral care.
Diverticulitis Teaching
- Dietary recommendations, avoid straining, bending and lifting.
- Weight reduction.
- Complete antibiotic therapy as prescribed.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Pathophysiology
- Damage to gastric mucosa.
- Damaged mucosa can't secrete enough mucus to work against gastric acid.
- Erosions due to corrosive action of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid and pepsin).
Peptic Ulcer Disease Clinical Manifestations
- Depends on ulcer location and patient age.
- Pain triggered or worsened by eating.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Diagnosis
- Upper GI endoscopy is confirmatory.
- Labs (CBC, fecal occult blood test, ELISA).
ELISA for Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Detects Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to H. pylori in the serum.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Medications Goals
- Pain relief.
- Ulcer healing.
- Prevention of ulcer recurrence.
- Reduction of complications.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Surgical Management
- Indicated with nonhealing and bleeding ulcers.
- Include endoscopic procedures (e.g., parietal cell vagotomy).
Peptic Ulcer Disease Complications
- GI hemorrhage.
- Abdominal or intestinal infarction.
- Perforation and penetration into attached structures.
- Obstruction, peritonitis.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Nursing Diagnoses
- Acute or chronic pain.
- Deficient knowledge.
- Risk for deficient fluid volume.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Assessments
- Vital signs, gastric pH.
- Assess use of alcohol or other medications, diet.
- Complete blood count, blood culture, weight, serum electrolytes, pain.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Actions
- Maintain IV infusions and administer medications.
- Assist with gastric lavage, prepare patient for endoscopy.
- Limit food intake after evening meal and document/report clinical manifestations.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Teaching
- Take medications as prescribed.
- Avoid eating within 2 hours of bedtime.
- Avoid risk factors.
GI Bleeding
- Presentation (upper vs lower bleeds) determines the treatment.
GI Bleeding Treatment
- Banding.
Cirrhosis Risk Factors
- Viruses, alcohol, biliary disease.
- Accumulation of fat in liver cells, genetic and autoimmune diseases.
Cirrhosis Pathophysiology
- Cell destruction and fibrosis/scarring of hepatic tissue.
Cirrhosis Clinical Manifestations
- Shortness of breath, jaundice.
- Increased abdominal girth, abdominal pain and bloating.
- Enlarged spleen, elevated liver enzymes.
- Increased risk of bleeding, thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin time.
- Hemorrhoids, elevated serum ammonia levels.
- Changes in level of consciousness and motor function.
- Hyponatremia.
Cirrhosis Diagnosis
- Computed tomography (CT) scan.
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).
- Percutaneous transhepatic portal angiography.
- Liver biopsy.
Cirrhosis Surgical Management
- TIPS procedure.
- Liver transplant.
Cirrhosis Complications
- Ascites, portal hypertension.
- Hepatic encephalopathy, hypertension.
- Coagulopathy, hyponatremia.
- Hepatorenal syndrome, peritonitis.
Cirrhosis Nursing Diagnoses
- Fluid volume excess.
- Fluid volume deficit.
- Altered nutrition, less than body requirements.
- Impaired skin integrity.
- Risk for injury: bleeding.
Cirrhosis Assessments
- Respiratory and vital signs.
- Peripheral edema, abdominal girth.
- Bleeding, signs of organ rejection.
- Skin, sclera, urine, stool color.
- Mental status, intake and output, daily weight, acid-base balance, asterixis.
Cirrhosis Actions
- Administer medications as ordered and electrolyte replacement.
- Restrict protein intake and elevate head of bed and legs.
- Administer blood products and promote rest periods.
Cirrhosis Teaching
- Provide an overview of the disease and the process of cirrhosis.
- Describe lifestyle changes and the need to avoid alcohol.
- Educate about medications metabolized in liver and the need for routine care.
- Consume adequate calories to minimize weight loss and minimize risk of bleeding.
Cholecystitis Risk Factors
- 5Fs (fair, fat, female, fertile, 40+).
- Obesity, rapid weight loss, weight loss surgery.
- High fat diet, genetics, medications.
Cholecystitis Pathophysiology
- Gallstones or Acalculous (biliary stasis caused by decrease gallbladder contractility or spasms in sphincter of Oddi).
Cholecystitis Clinical Manifestations
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain.
- Rebound tenderness or guarding.
- Fever, tachycardia.
Cholecystitis Diagnosis
- Abdominal X-ray and ultrasound.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan.
- Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan.
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
- Cholecystography.
Cholecystitis Treatment
- NPO status, intravenous (IV) hydration.
- Correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
- Pain management, IV antibiotics, laparoscopic surgery.
Cholecystitis Medications
- Ursodiol (Actigall), Chenodiol.
Cholecystitis Surgical Management
- Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (may need T-Tube/biliary drainage tube).
Cholecystitis Nursing Diagnoses
- Acute pain.
- Fluid volume deficit.
- Knowledge deficit.
Cholecystitis Assessments
- Vital signs, laboratory studies.
- Skin turgor, pain, abdominal assessment.
- Stool, daily weight, intake and output, nutritional intake.
Cholecystitis Actions
- Administer medications as ordered.
- Promote bedrest in semi-Fowler's position and repositioning.
- Nasogastric tube (NGT) to low suction.
Cholecystitis Teaching
- Postoperative instructions.
- T-tube management.
- Avoid a diet high in fats.
- Instruct about disease clinical manifestations.
Acute Pancreatitis Pathophysiology
- Reversible process involving inflammation of the pancreas.
- Release of pancreatic enzymes that 'autodigest' the pancreas.
Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Manifestations
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ) epigastric pain (deep, sharp, more intense after eating fatty foods).
- Abdominal fullness, hiccups, indigestion.
- Fever, tachycardia, and hypotension.
Acute Pancreatitis Diagnosis
- Physical exam and laboratory tests (BUN, WBC, liver enzymes like AST, ALT, lipase, and amylase).
Acute Pancreatitis Treatment
- Includes NPO status, IV fluid.
- ICU level care if other organs are involved.
- Also includes treating the cause of pancreatitis.
Acute Pancreatitis Medications
- Opioid analgesics.
- Anticholinergics (to decrease secretions).
- Histamine blockers.
- Pancreatic enzymes.
- Antibiotic therapy.
Acute Pancreatitis Complications
- Necrotizing pancreatitis.
Acute Pancreatitis Nursing Diagnoses
- Acute pain.
- Ineffective breathing pattern.
- Imbalanced nutrition.
- Risk for fluid volume deficit.
Acute Pancreatitis Assessments
- Vital signs, oxygen status.
- Pain location, intensity, duration.
- Abdominal assessment including Turners and/or Cullens sign.
- Serum lipase, amylase, glucose, calcium.
- Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign.
- Stool color, nutritional intake, daily weight, monitoring of fluid intake and output.
Grey Turner's sign
- Flank bruising.
Cullen's sign
- Umbilical bruising.
Trousseau sign
- Indicates hypocalcemia.
- Use a BP cuff and watch for carpopedal spasm.
Chvostek sign
- Indicates hypocalcemia.
- Facial nerve twitch caused by tapping the face near the ear.
Acute Pancreatitis Actions
- Maintain NPO status, NGT to low suction.
- Administer ordered medications (analgesics, antiemetics, histamine blockers, sedatives, and anti-anxiety meds).
- Promote bedrest in semi-Fowler's position or fetal position.
- Encourage coughing and deep breathing.
Acute Pancreatitis Teaching
- Appropriate diet, small frequent meals.
- Vitamin supplements.
- Abstaining from alcohol and smoking.
- Education on disease symptoms, progression, diagnostic procedures, and interventions.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Pathophysiology
- Enlargement of the prostate.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Clinical Manifestations
- Difficulty starting flow of urine, weak urine stream.
- Multiple interruptions during urination, dribbling once urination is complete.
- Urgency, frequency, nocturia.
- Bladder outlet obstruction.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Diagnosis
- Digital rectal examination.
- Urinalysis.
- Prostate-specific antigen.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment
- Watchful waiting/active surveillance.
- Avoid tranquilizers and decongestants.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Medications
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (Proscar, Avodart).
- Alpha-adrenergic blockers (Cardura, Flomax).
- Anticholinergic (Oxybutynin).
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Surgical Management
- TURP.
- Transurethral incision of prostate.
- Open prostatectomy.
- Laser surgery.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Assessment and Analysis
- Clinical manifestations are caused by obstruction of urine flow due to an enlarged prostate.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Nursing Diagnoses
- Disturbed sleep pattern.
- Risk for infection.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Assessments
- Urinary symptoms.
- Temperature.
- Focused abdominal examination.
- Bladder scan.
- Urinalysis.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Actions
- Catheterization.
- Administer medications as ordered.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Teaching
- Watchful waiting, decreased liquid intake in the evening.
- Medication therapy education.
- Follow-up.
- Surgical options.
- Post surgical care.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Evaluating Care Outcomes
- Less urinary retention.
- Strong urine stream.
- Decreased nocturia.
Prostatitis Categories
- Acute bacterial.
- Chronic bacterial.
- Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).
- Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.
Prostatitis Risk Factors
- Ascent of bacteria into the urethra.
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
- Spread of bacteria from the rectum.
- Urinary procedures (catheter, cystoscopy).
Most Common STIs for Prostatitis
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea
- Trichomoniasis
- Genital Herpes
- HIV
Prostatitis Clinical Manifestations
- Dysuria.
- Urinary frequency & urgency.
- Fever, chills, myalgia.
- Pelvic & perineal pain.
- Discharge.
Prostatitis Diagnostic Testing
- Urinalysis.
- Urine culture & sensitivity.
- CBC, Chemistry.
- Renal ultrasound.
- Digital rectal exam.
Prostatitis Treatment
- Antibiotics, Alpha adrenergic blockers, Fluids.
Prostatitis Teaching
- Medication education.
- Fluid intake (3L/day).
- Safe sex practices.
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Description
Learn about hernias, a condition where intestines protrude. This covers causes like straining and obesity, diagnosis through physical exams, and both surgical and non-surgical management. Also, essential nursing assessments and actions for effective care.
