Pathophysiology Exam #5 Overview
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Questions and Answers

The term ______ refers to an inflammation of the pancreas.

Pancreatitis

What is the most common cause of pancreatitis?

  • Gallstones
  • Alcohol abuse (correct)
  • Viral infections
  • Autoimmune disorders

    • Acute pancreatitis resolves quickly, and the inflammation usually disappears after a short period of time.

    True

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endocrine pancreas?

    <p>The endocrine pancreas produces insulin, which is essential for regulating blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of the liver?

    <p>Production of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatitis is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hepatitis is most commonly spread through fecal-oral route?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication of liver cirrhosis?

    <p>Ascites, which is the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, is the most common complication of liver cirrhosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bowel elimination with their primary location.

    <p>Small intestine = Reabsorption of water and electrolytes Large intestine = Final site for establishing water and electrolyte balance Stool production = Approximately 100 to 200 ml of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intestinal flora (microorganisms) play a significant role in the rate of bowel motility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys?

    <p>The kidneys filter waste products from the blood, produce urine, and regulate blood volume and composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures how quickly blood is filtered through the glomeruli in the kidneys.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is triggered by which of the following?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional units of the kidneys are called ______.

    <p>Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydronephrosis is a condition where the bladder swells due to a buildup of urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of kidney failure?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

    <p>E. Coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can increase the risk of UTIs?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden and severe infection of the kidneys.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark symptom of chronic renal failure?

    <p>Fibrotic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a hormone?

    <p>Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to target specific cells and exert effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback amplifies a response, while negative feedback reduces or stabilizes it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a primary endocrine disorder?

    <p>Problem in the target gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most common causes of hyperfunction in endocrine disorders?

    <p>The two most common causes of hyperfunction are excessive stimulation of the endocrine gland and hormone-producing tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions.

    <p>Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) = Regulates reproduction Luteinizing Hormone (LH) = Stimulates adrenal glands to release hormones Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) = Works with FSH in reproduction Growth Hormone (GH) = Important for linear bone growth in children Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Stimulates thyroid gland to release hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The active form of thyroid hormone is T3.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Increased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hashimoto thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder that destroys the thyroid, is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism) is a condition that is present at birth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graves' disease is characterized by an underactive thyroid gland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>The two main types of mineralocorticoids are aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison's disease (hypocortisolism)?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism) is a condition caused by an overactive adrenal gland.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a specific type of fat deposition seen in Cushing's syndrome, often described as a 'buffalo hump'?

    <p>The term for fat deposition in Cushing's syndrome, often referred to as a 'buffalo hump,' is truncal obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pancreatic cell types with their primary hormone secretions.

    <p>Alpha cells = Insulin Beta cells = Glucagon Delta cells = Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of insulin is to ______ blood glucose levels.

    <p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 diabetes is primarily caused by a deficiency in insulin production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is MOST COMMON in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Insufficient insulin response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main symptoms of diabetes?

    <p>The three main symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is used to measure the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months?

    <p>Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that can be life-threatening.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathophysiology Exam #5 Master Document

    • This document covers everything needed for the 5th Pathophysiology Exam.
    • Content may be subject to change based on the released exam blueprint.
    • The document's key is used to differentiate different levels of importance for the exam.
    • Green: Big topic (similar to orange if a subtopic).
    • Blue: Subtopic.
    • Yellow: Vocabulary and important concepts within subtopics; helps separate ideas. Subtopics under yellow are now bigger than blue, but smaller than green.
    • Orange: Same as yellow, but with more detailed content.
    • Red: Specific examples; likely not all that important.

    GI Disorders

    • Inflammation:
      • Gastritis: Stomach inflammation.
      • Pancreatitis: Pancreas inflammation.
      • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis): Chronic inflammation increases cancer risk. Tissue changes also increase cancer risk.
    • Inflammation/Infection:
      • Hepatitis: Viral liver inflammation.
    • Stomach:
      • Functions:
        • Protection: Stomach acids destroy harmful substances. Prostaglandins protect the gastric mucosa. Gastric mucosa is highly vascular, dependent on blood flow for function. Alteration of blood flow causes gastritis.
        • Digestion: Food and liquids mix with gastric secretions (mucus, acid, enzymes, hormones, intrinsic factor) in the stomach lining. Absorption mostly involves water and alcohol.
    • Acute Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining (gastric mucosa) that resolves when the cause is removed.
      • Causes: Aspirin, alcohol, certain microorganisms.

    Acute Pancreatitis

    • Causes:
      • Duct blockage by gallstones.
      • Excessive alcohol use.
    • Symptoms:
      • Sudden upper abdominal pain, radiating to the back.
      • Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea.
    • Patho:
      • Injury triggers blockage of enzymatic pathways.
      • Spills secretory enzymes → Inflammation .
      • Response leads to increased vascular permeability, edema, hemorrhage, necrosis, granuloma formation, and abscess formation.
    • Chronic Pancreatitis:
      • Characterized by irreversible damage and tissue changes.
      • Causes: Chronic alcohol use (most common), autoimmune disease, cystic fibrosis, and unknown causes.

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    • Chronic Inflammatory Processes:
    • Can Occur Anywhere Along The GI Tract
    • Most Commonly Of Small And Large Intestine
    • MORE COMMON IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
    • INCREASED RISK FOR PEOPLE IN COLDER CLIMATES AND URBAN AREAS.
    • Small Intestine
    • Digestion and Absorption:
    • Primary Roles: Digestion and absorption through villi. Absorption happens in the intestinal mucosa. Processes include vitamin absorption, mineral absorption, fat absorption, carbohydrate absorption, protein absorption, water absorption, and electrolyte absorption (Na+ and K+).
    • Large Intestine:
    • Absorbs water and electrolytes (No villi).

    Crohn's Disease

    • Patchy Inflammation: Inflammation skips segments.
    • Chronic Inflammation: Occurs in patchy segments (skip lesions).
    • Increased Permeability: Inflammation begins in the mucosa and submucosa; increases permeability and vascularity leading to edema and fibrosis.
    • Patho:
      • Macrophages, plasma cells, and lymphocytes are released.
      • Inflammation leads to granuloma formation.
    • Location: Submucosal layers of the small intestine and ascending colon are the most common locations.

    Ulcerative Colitis

    • Non-Patchy Inflammation: Doesn't skip segments.
    • Begins in the Rectum: Extends up the descending colon.
    • Invades the Superficial Mucosa: Causes friability and causes bleeding.

    Liver Disorders

    • Liver Roles:
      • Bile secretion involved in fat emulsification and absorption.
      • Detoxification (removes toxins from the body).
      • Bilirubin metabolism (breaks down red blood cells into heme and globin). Heme is then broken down into amino acids.
      • Blood storage.
      • Clotting factor synthesis.
      • Nutrient metabolism
      • Mineral and vitamin storage.
    • LIVER IS ENCAPSULATED BY THE GLISSON CAPSULE.

    Hepatitis (Viral)

    • Transmission varies by type (fecal-oral or infected blood/body fluids).
    • Incubation period and carrier states vary per type.
      • Hepatitis A: Fecal-oral transmission, 1-2 months incubation period, no carrier state, and vaccine available.
      • Hepatitis B: Contacted with infected blood , 2-3 months incubation period, carrier state possible, vaccine available.
      • Hepatitis C: Contacted with infected blood, 2-3 months incubation period, carrier state possible, no vaccine.
      • Hepatitis D: Contacted with infected blood, 2-3 months incubation period, carrier state possible, no vaccine.
      • Hepatitis E: Fecal-oral transmission, 1-2 months incubation period, no carrier state, no vaccine.

    Chronic Renal Failure

    • Patho:
    • Sodium and water balance is affected.
    • Potassium balance is affected.
    • There is an elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
    • Erythropoietin production is affected.
    • Acid-base balance issues occur.
    • Activation and elimination of Vitamin D is affected.
    • Phosphate elimination and hypocalcemia are potential complications.
    • Possible complications result in skeletal issues, gastrointestinal disorders, neurologic issues, and sexual dysfunction.

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    Pathophysiology Exam #5 Master Document PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key topics in preparation for the 5th Pathophysiology Exam, focusing on GI disorders and their classifications within the exam blueprint. Students will review important concepts, vocabulary, and specific conditions relevant to inflammation and infection in the gastrointestinal system.

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